biology

KIAA2012

KIAA2012 is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand KIAA2012 rather than just read about it. In short: Uncharacterized protein KIAA2012 is a protein which, in humans, is encoded by the KIAA2012 gene. KIAA2012 is expressed at very low levels throughout the body, but it is primarily expressed in the ovary, lungs, and brain.

Key takeaways

KIAA2012 belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect KIAA2012 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of KIAA2012 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Uncharacterized protein KIAA2012 is a protein which, in humans, is encoded by the KIAA2012 gene. KIAA2012 is expressed at very low levels throughout the body, but it is primarily expressed in the ovary, lungs, and brain.

Gene

KIAA2012 is located on the positive sense strand at position 2q33.1. KIAA2012 has 24 exons, and it spans 131,934 bases including introns. No aliases or common names are used in addition to KIAA2012.

Gene level regulation Within the promoter region of KIAA2012, there is a highly conserved transcription factor binding site that has no common SNPs. The RFX transcription factors, more specifically RFX1-6, bind to this highly conserved region and regulates cellular specialization and differentiation. The image below shows the promoter region of KIAA2012 with the highly conserved RFX1-6 binding site.

mRNA KIAA2012 is expressed differentially in the body at low levels. Of this overall low expression, KIAA2012 is expressed most highly in the brain, lungs, and ovary. KIAA2012 is expressed at lower levels in the liver, trachea, and testes.

Protein Unmodified KIAA2012 is 1,181 amino acids in length, has a molecular weight of 136 kdal, and an isoelectric pH around 8.

Internal features KIAA2012 is rich in glutamic acid and glutamine, and it is poor in valine. There is also one mixed charge cluster between amino acids 951–1118. There is one Domain of Unknown Function (DUF 4670) within KIAA2012 spanning from amino acid 635 to amino acid 1137. Different than the whole KIAA2012, DUF 4670 is also rich in arginine and poor in glycine and phenylalanine.

Structure The secondary structure of KIAA2012 consists primarily of alpha helices. On the left, a high confidence prediction of the secondary structure is shown. On the right, the entire 3-D structure is shown, showing how the alpha helices fold to form the entire KIAA2012 protein.

Post-translational modification KIAA2012 has a highly conserved cGMP-dependent protein kinase binding domain. These cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PRKG) are a part of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway, and they are important factors in many signal transduction processes. Additionally, there are many potential sites for phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and myristoylation. In instances where KIAA2012 is post-translationally modified in these ways, the resulting charge, structure, function, and sub-cellular localization can be altered.

Sub-cellular Localization Proteins tagged with localization signals will be transported to various regions of the cell. KIAA2012 contains nuclear localization signal sequences, which are short stretches of amino acids that moderate transportation of nuclear proteins to the nucleus. Shown in the table below, human KIAA2012 and two orthologs are listed with confidence values of where in the cell KIAA2012 is localized.

Function KIAA2012 has predicted protein interactions with STAG2 and SMC1A. STAG2 encodes a subunit of cohesion complexes used to regulate sister chromatid separation during cell division. SMC1A is an important part of functional kinetochores due to its role in the multiprotein cohesion complex required for sister chromatid cohesion. Because KIAA2012 is localized in the nucleus and interacts with STAG2 and SMC1A, its role as a protein surrounds DNA manipulation or cell division.

Homology and evolution Twenty organisms with a KIAA2012 ortholog are shown below, and they are sorted by date of divergence and sequence identity. There were no orthologs found in birds, but ortholog versions of KIAA2012 exist in mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. An unrooted phylogenetic tree showing each taxonomic group and their divergence patterns can be found below the ortholog table.

Clinical significance There are several genome-wide association studies that report traits associated variations in KIAA2012. The reported traits with the highest number of associations are heel bone mineral density, taste liking measurement, educational attainment, lung function, and height. Additionally, KIAA2012 is down regulated in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared to women without PCOS.

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with KIAA2012

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what KIAA2012 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to KIAA2012 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about KIAA2012 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of KIAA2012

In research: KIAA2012 appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses KIAA2012 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: KIAA2012 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Genes on human chromosome 2, Uncharacterized proteins, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for KIAA2012 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study KIAA2012 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what KIAA2012 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain KIAA2012 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is KIAA2012 in simple terms?

Why does KIAA2012 matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study KIAA2012?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on KIAA2012.