The Khanqah and Mausoleum of Sultan Barsbay (Arabic: خانقاه الأشرف برسباي), also known as the Complex of Sultan Barsbay, is an Islamic funerary complex located in the historic Northern Cemetery of Cairo, Egypt. Built by Sultan al-Ashraf Barsbay in 1432, in addition to its overall layout and decoration, it is notable for the first stone domes in Cairo to be carved with geometric star patterns.
History
Sultan al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Barsbay ruled from 1422 to 1438 CE, a relatively long reign for the standards of the Mamluk period in Egypt. During that time, he built at least three notable buildings: the Madrasa of Barsbay, built in 1423–1424 (near the beginning of his reign) on al-Muizz Street; his mausoleum complex in the Northern Cemetery, described on this page; and a Friday mosque in the town of al-Khanqa, north of Cairo, in 1437. He apparently had a reputation simultaneously for being greedy and bad-tempered but also for being generous to the poor and to Sufis (the latter tendency being evident in this mausoleum and khanqah complex). His reign was marked by relative security and stability, with few wars or rebellions. However, in 1427 he invaded Cyprus, captured its king (from the House of Lusignan) and forced him to pay tribute. He also diverted the Indian Ocean trade routes through Jeddah (closer to Cairo) and introduced a state monopoly on sugar and pepper. The revenues from this military victory and these trade policies may have helped him finance his construction projects, and may have encouraged him to build this new mausoleum complex in the Northern Cemetery later in his reign (after having already built a madrasa with attached mausoleum in the city center, mentioned above). When Barsbay built this mausoleum and khanqah complex, Faraj ibn Barquq's own nearby khanqah and mausoleum had already been completed a couple decades earlier and a north-to-south road (still present today) had developed between here and the Citadel. Barsbay's own complex was clearly designed around this road, and features elements on both sides of it. His complex was completed in 1432.
Architecture
Mosque and mausoleum This funerary complex includes Barsbay's own royal mausoleum, to which is attached a mosque and prayer hall to the south which is accessed from the street through an entrance portal and vestibule. To the right of the entrance are also two sabils. The minaret on the exterior of the mosque appears to be a crude reconstruction from a later period and does not correspond to the Mamluk architectural style.
Prayer hall
The mosque measures approximately 15 by 20 metres (49 by 66 ft), its longer side is aligned with the road. The interior of the mosque is split into three aisles (running parallel to the street), of which the central one is sunken or lower in relation to the others. The aisles are separated from each other by rows of three arches resting on columns with classical capitals (presumably Roman or Byzantine). The interior's most remarkable feature is the rich and varied multi-coloured marble mosaic pavement which covers the floors (although often obscured under the mosque's carpeting) and even appears on the windowsills. By contrast, the walls and the mihrab (niche symbolizing the qibla) are very plain; something seemingly common to Sufi khanqahs but not to regular mosques of the time. The mosque interior receives much light compared to other mosques of the period thanks to the structure's layout and its many windows, which include modern stucco windows carved in traditional patterns. The mosque's painted ceiling is also a later restoration.
Minbar
The mosque today also contains a minbar that is sometimes cited as the most beautiful and accomplished work of its kind in Cairo. Like most Mamluk minbars of the period it is made of wood and inlaid with ivory across a surface decorated with complex geometric star patterns. One detail that differs from other minbars of this type is that the geometric patterns have slightly curved lines instead of straight lines, subtly enhancing their visual effect. The minbar originally belonged to the Mosque of al-Ghamri which was built in 1451 in the Bab al-Shari'a area of Cairo. It was moved to Barsbay's mosque when al-Ghamri's mosque was demolished in 1884. The craftsman of the minbar is known from historical sources and is named as Ahmad ibn 'Isa al-Dimyati, who was also responsible for constructing minbars for the Mosque of Mecca and the later Mosque of Qijmas al-Ishaqi. The construction of the minbar was originally financed by a merchant and scholar named Ibn al-Radadi.
Mausoleum and dome Barsbay's mausoleum is accessed through the mosque. The interior of the mausoleum, unlike the interior of the mosque, has a mihrab and walls that are lavishly decorated with marble paneling and mosaics inlaid with mother-of-pearl, as are the floor and the sultan's cenotaph/tomb. Just below the dome, the pendentives of the chamber (the transition between the square chamber and the round base of the dome) are sculpted with muqarnas, as was common in Mamluk architecture. The exterior of the stone dome of the mausoleum is carved with a remarkable interlacing geometric star pattern. Along with some of the adjacent tombs in this mausoleum complex (see below), this is the first example of such a geometric pattern carved into the stone domes of Cairo or of Mamluk architecture, marking an important evolution from the earlier, simpler "chevron" or zig-zag patterns found on the nearby Mausoleums of Faraj ibn Barquq or on the dome of Barsbay's own earlier Madrasa-Mausoleum in the center of Cairo. The arrangement of the mausoleum at the northern end of mosque, standing next to the street and unencumbered by any other architectural elements on three sides, allowed it to be both highly visible from the road as well as accessible to Muslims inside the mosque who could offer prayers to the Sultan's tomb; both important considerations in Mamluk funerary architecture.
Other structures
Khanqah
Further south, extending from the mosque and mausoleum but now ruined, is a long structure that acted as part of the khanqah and included living cells for the Sufi residents. Further to the south of the khanqah, on the same side of the street, is another long, semi-ruined building that was once the Takiyya (another type of khanqah) of Ahmad Abu Sayf, also built in the 15th century but not part of Barsbay's original complex.
Other tombs
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