science

Khartron

Khartron is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Khartron rather than just read about it. In short: JSC "Khartron" (Hartron) (Ukrainian: Хартрон, formerly NPO "Electropribor", Russian: НПО "Электроприбор", meaning Scientific Production Association "Electrical device"; originally known as NII-692 or OKB-692 design bureau; afterwards known as KB electropriborostroeniya before being named NPO Electropribor) is one of the leading design engineering bureaus in Ukraine, which develops and produces spacecraft and missile…

Key takeaways

Khartron belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Khartron to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Khartron from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

JSC "Khartron" (Hartron) (Ukrainian: Хартрон, formerly NPO "Electropribor", Russian: НПО "Электроприбор", meaning Scientific Production Association "Electrical device"; originally known as NII-692 or OKB-692 design bureau; afterwards known as KB electropriborostroeniya before being named NPO Electropribor) is one of the leading design engineering bureaus in Ukraine, which develops and produces spacecraft and missile control systems.

History and achievements Khartron Corp. was established in 1959 in Kharkiv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Founded as a government enterprise, Khartron Corp. changed its names several times, albeit remaining an intact entity. The main trend of its activity was development and implementation of control systems for ballistic missiles, carrier-boosters and space vehicles. It is Khartron that developed control systems for the formidable missiles SS-18 and SS-19, for the all scientific and technical modules of the MIR Space Station, and for the Zarya cargo module of the International Space Station. It was the main developer enterprise of the Energia rocket. Khartron is the only company in the world that provides automatic docking of the heavy 20-tons space vehicles in space environment. Under a radically changing economic environment, Khartron Corp. has had to adapt to civilian applications, thus executing the Government conversion Program. SS-18 and SS-19 were converted into space launchers Dnepr and Eurokot to orbit Ukrainian and foreign satellites. Khartron boasts several joint ventures and projects with companies in the USA, Germany, Italy, Russia, providing successful launches of commercial satellites. In 1994, a joint venture between Westinghouse Electric Company and Khartron - Westron - was established. Westron JV has been successfully operating from its inception to this day modernizing I&C systems for Ukrainian nuclear power plants. During his trip to Europe to Ukraine in June 2000, U.S. President Bill Clinton noted the importance of this particular cooperative effort to improve the safety of Ukraine's nuclear power plants.

Current state Khartron is one of Ukraine's enterprises for reconstruction of Instrumentation and Control (I&C) systems for Ukrainian nuclear power plants. Today's Khartron is a mini-conglomerate; parent of several partially owned subsidiary enterprises involved in their own businesses. Meeting the requirements of the national economy, Khartron's business segments range from control systems for fossil-fuel power plants to gas and oil pipelines to sugar plants to air traffic to agriculture to railroad stations and cars. Over ten years, Khartron has moved from an exclusively state-owned enterprise, to a joint stock company, whose products among others include commercial industrial control systems for fossil-fuel and nuclear power plants, transport, gas and oil pipelines. Eight people died (and twenty-two were rescued) in a fire at the Khartron plant in Kharkiv on 8 January 2014.

Departments "Khartron-incorporated" (company that manages the fast-growing businesses, targeted at corporate consumers of products and services) - Official site "HARTRON-ARKOS" (design, development, manufacturing, testing, installation and maintenance of the various (primarily - spacecraft) control systems) - Official site "HARTRON-PLANT" (manufacturing of the control system hardware for rocket complexes and space vehicles, hardware for nuclear power plants, consumer goods (radio-controlled toys, welder's helmets), etc.) - Page "HARTRON-UKOM" (design, development, manufacturing, delivery, installation and maintenance of various telemetric, space control systems, gas/oil pipelines and pipeline-related facilities electronic support, etc.) - Page "HARTRON-INCOR" (design, development, manufacturing, installation and maintenance of the nuclear power plants electronic support, protection hardware for power units, power stations, computer-based turnstile systems for passengers at the railway stations, electronic table-based visual information systems for railway stations, etc.) - Page "HARTRON-ENERGO" (design, development, manufacturing, installation and maintenance of the radioelectronic hardware for control systems for nuclear and fossil-fuel power plants, gas analysers, hybrid microelectronic assembly) - Page "HARTRON-CONSAT" (design, development, manufacturing, installation and maintenance of the guidance and orientation control systems for space vehicles, I&C systems for industrial enterprises, control systems for onboard digital computer complexes, satellite components, etc.) - Page "ELON-TT" (design, development, manufacturing, installation and maintenance of the Instrumentation & Control systems for iron and steel industry, coke industry, gas & oil transportation) - Page "HARTRON-EXPRESS" (design, development, manufacturing, installation and maintenance of the electric equipment for railway transport, fire-alarm systems, computer-aided diagnostic control systems for industrial conditioners) - Page "HARTRON-SIGMA" (testing of electronic and electrotechnical products, Testing & Sertification Center's service, Electrotechnical laboratory's service) - Page

Products Designed control systems for: Rockets:

Energia Tsyklon Tsyklon-4 Strela SS-7 'Saddler' SS-8 'Sasin' SS-9 'Scarp' SS-15 'Scrooge' SS-18 'Satan'/Dnepr SS-19 'Stiletto' Orbital modules:

Kvant-1 Kvant-2 Kristall Priroda Spektr Satellites:

more than 150 satellites of the Kosmos series

Project Leaders During the period of Khartron, there were a number of leaders. Among them were Borys Konoplov (also Boris Konoplev), Volodymyr Serheiev, Anatolii Andriushchenko, Andriushchenko, Mykola Vakhno.

References

External links Khartron Corp. (Westron) history (official website)

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Khartron

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Khartron claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Khartron before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Khartron ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Khartron

In research: Khartron appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Khartron in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Khartron is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Aerospace companies of Ukraine, Aerospace companies of the Soviet Union, Design bureaus, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Khartron outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Khartron in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Khartron means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Khartron out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Khartron in simple terms?

Why does Khartron matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Khartron?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Khartron.