biology

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 rather than just read about it. In short: KIR2DL3, Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed by the natural killer cells and the subsets of the T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic, which means that they have many different alleles.

Key takeaways

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
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Connect Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

KIR2DL3, Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed by the natural killer cells and the subsets of the T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic, which means that they have many different alleles. The KIR genes are also extremely homologous, which means that they are similar in position, structure and evolutionary origin, but not necessarily in function. Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of innate antiviral immune response. Have the ability to lyse target cells without prior sensitization antigen and regulate the immune responses by secreting chemokine adaptive and cytokines. Activation of NK cells is determined by integration of inhibitory signals and activating issued by several families of different receptors, including killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) that predominantly recognize antigens of class I human leukocyte antigen ( HLA).

Structure and location The genes responsible for coding of KIR proteins are found along the 19th chromosome section 19q 13.4 within the 1Mb Leukocyte Receptor Complex (LRC). The subsets of the KIR proteins are classified by their number of extracellular IG domains and by whether they have a long (L) or short (S) cytoplasmic domain-tail. The number coming at the end of the name of protein classifies it as a branch of the subset it belongs to.

Function The protein KIR2DL3 has long tailed cytoplasmic domain and transduce the inhibitory signal upon the ligand binding via an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM). The ligands of the protein is a subset of HLA-C molecules: HLA-Cw1, HLA-Cw3, HLA-Cw7. The protein is thought to play an important role in regulating of the immune responses. The HLA-C molecules are human leukocyte antigens and are the gene complexes to encode major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in humans. HLA are polymorphic, thus the MHCs of humans differ from an individual to another. KIR2DL3 is a protein complex of two extracellular domains and a long tailed endo-cellular cytoplasmatic tail, which assign it in charge of sending inhibitory signals throughout the cell.

Pathology The protein KIR2DL3 transduces inhibitory signals upon the ligand binding via an immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) to its long inner cytoplasmic tail. The tyrosine kinase based transductions are enzymatic transferences of a phosphate group from an ATP molecule to a protein in the cell. Thus functioning as an ' on ' and ' off ' switch in many cellular functions. Tyrosine Kinases are a sub-class of the protein-kinase. Phosphorylation of proteins is a necessary step in transduction of signals within a cell in order to regulate the cellular activity. Protein Kinases might get stuck in ' off ' position and inhibit the cell reproduction for good, or on the contrary might get stuck in ' on 'position, thus rendering the cell to reproduce unregulatedly, which is a necessary step for the development of cancer.

References

Illustrations

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3: [3] — [3]

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3

In research: Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Genes on human chromosome 19, Transmembrane receptors, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
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Frequently asked questions

What is Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 in simple terms?

Why does Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3 matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3.