earth science

Kitadani Formation

Kitadani Formation is a earth science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Kitadani Formation rather than just read about it. In short: The Kitadani Formation (Japanese: 北谷層 Kitadani-sō) is a unit of Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rock which crops out near the city of Katsuyama in Fukui Prefecture, Japan, and it is the primary source of Cretaceous-aged non-marine vertebrate fossils in Japan. Most, if not all, of the fossil specimens collected from the Kitadani Formation are reposited at the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum.

Key takeaways

Kitadani Formation belongs to earth science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Kitadani Formation to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Kitadani Formation from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The Kitadani Formation (Japanese: 北谷層 Kitadani-sō) is a unit of Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rock which crops out near the city of Katsuyama in Fukui Prefecture, Japan, and it is the primary source of Cretaceous-aged non-marine vertebrate fossils in Japan. Most, if not all, of the fossil specimens collected from the Kitadani Formation are reposited at the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum. The Kitadani Formation is a unit within the Tetori Group, a major sequence of Lower Cretaceous rocks that is distributed across Fukui, Ishikawa, and Gifu prefectures of western-central Honshu. The Tetori Group exhibits marked lateral variation, and the Kitadani Formation is only present in Fukui Prefecture. The Kitadani Formation comprises interbedded tuffs, sandstones, and shales and reaches a maximum thickness of approximately one hundred meters (~328 feet). It conformably overlies the Akaiwa Formation and is unconformably overlain by the Omichidani Formation. The Kitadani Formation is significant because it is the major source of dinosaur fossils in Japan and because of Japan's unique position along the northeastern margin of Eurasia during the Early Cretaceous.

Geology The Kitadani Formation is a unit within the Tetori Group, a Lower Cretaceous sequence of predominantly sedimentary rock which crops out in the Fukui, Ishikawa, and Gifu prefectures of west-central Honshu, Japan in the region surrounding Mount Haku. The formations present within the Tetori Group vary laterally, and the Kitadani Formation crops out only in the Kuzuryū River district of Fukui Prefecture. In this region, the sequence comprises, in ascending stratigraphic order: Gomijima Formation, the Kuwajima Formation, the Akaiwa Formation, and Kitadani Formation. The Kitadani Formation comprises alternating horizons of red-brown tuffs, blackish shales and sandstones, and thin coal beds. The sandstones within the Kitadani Formation are light gray and green and range in clast size from fine to coarse. The type section of the Kitadani Formation occurs along the Nakanomatadani branch of the Takinami River near the city of Katsuyama, where it is approximately 100 m (~328 feet) in thickness. The Kitadani Formation conformably overlies the Akaiwa Formation and is unconformably overlain by the Omichidani Formation. The palaeoclimate during the deposition of the formation was noticeably warmer and drier than that of the older Kuwajima and Okurodani Formations, as evidenced by oxygen isotope records as well as by the presence of crocodylomorph fossils in the former in contrast to their absence in the latter. The Kitadani Formation has had varying nomenclature throughout the history of its study. In the early stratigraphic literature on the Tetori Group, the Kitadani Formation was variably referred to as the "Lower part of the Omichidani Formation", the "Chinaboradani Alternation of Tuff, Shale, and Sandstone", the "Kitadani Alternation of Sandstone, Shale, and Tuff", and simply the "Kitadani Alternation" prior to its designation as a formation.

Age The Kitadani Formation was biostratigraphically dated to the late Barremian and early Aptian ages of the Early Cretaceous Epoch in 2002 based upon the presence of the freshwater bivalve Nippononaia ryosekiana. In 2005, part of the Kitadani Formation was biostratigraphically dated to the Barremian Age based upon the occurrence of the charophyte gyrogonite Clavator harrisii reyi in association with other charophytes. These biostratigraphic age assignments are supported by zircon fission track radioisotopic ages of tuff, which date the Kitadani Formation to 127-115 Ma. However, the age of the overlying lower Akaiwa Formation was estimated around 121.2±1.1 Ma based on U-Pb zircon dating, so the age of the Kitadani Formation is more likely to be late Aptian.

Fossil assemblage The Kitadani Formation preserves a diverse assemblage of plant fossils; invertebrate fossils; and vertebrate body and trace fossils, including mammals, turtles, crocodylomorphs, and dinosaurs. Many vertebrate specimens from the Kitadani Formation are incomplete and poorly preserved, so taxonomic diversity is likely higher than it seems.

Plant fossils The plant fossil assemblage of the Kitadani Formation is characterized by a rarity of ferns and an abundance of cycadales and conifers represented mostly by cones and shoots. A palynological study in 2013 resulted in the identification of greater than 40 species of spores, pollen grains, and plant fragments from the Kitadani Formation representing gymnosperms, freshwater algae, and epiphyllous fungus; however, no angiosperm pollen was identified. Branches of the conifer Brachyphyllum obesum have been recovered, which was interpreted to represent the warming and possible drying of the climate toward the upper Tetori Group. This interpretation is supported by the lack of plants from lower in the Tetori Group, such as ginkgos, in the Kitadani Formation.

Invertebrate fossils The invertebrate fossil assemblage of the Kitadani Formation mostly comprises freshwater and brackish water bivalve and gastropod mollusks.

Vertebrate fossils

Actinopterygii

Mammaliaformes

Testudines Turtles are represented mostly by shell fragments within the Kitadani Formation.

Crocodylomorpha A nearly complete skeleton of goniopholidid has been discovered from the Kitadani Formation, but this material remains undescribed.

Dinosauria Dinosaurs are among the most well-known vertebrate taxa from the Kitadani Formation. Taxa from all three major dinosaurian clades — Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha, and Ornithischia — have been recovered.

Ichnofossils Undescribed tracks of ankylosaurs and sauropods have been discovered from the Kitadani Formation.

Eggs

See also List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Kitadani Formation

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Kitadani Formation claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In earth science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Kitadani Formation before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Kitadani Formation ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Kitadani Formation

In research: Kitadani Formation appears in earth science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Kitadani Formation in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Kitadani Formation is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Aptian Stage, Coal formations, Coal in Japan, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Kitadani Formation outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Kitadani Formation in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Kitadani Formation means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Kitadani Formation out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Kitadani Formation in simple terms?

Why does Kitadani Formation matter?

Because it connects several earth science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Kitadani Formation?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Kitadani Formation.