science

Kition Resheph pillars

Kition Resheph pillars is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Kition Resheph pillars rather than just read about it. In short: The Kition Resheph pillars are two Phoenician inscriptions discovered in Cyprus at Kition in 1860. They are notable for mentioning three cities - Kition, Idalion and Tamassos.

Key takeaways

Kition Resheph pillars belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Kition Resheph pillars to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Kition Resheph pillars from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The Kition Resheph pillars are two Phoenician inscriptions discovered in Cyprus at Kition in 1860. They are notable for mentioning three cities - Kition, Idalion and Tamassos. They currently reside in the Louvre: AO 7090 (CIS I 10) and AO 4826 (CIS I 88). The reference to Kition in the inscriptions was compared to a bilingual reference to the city in one of the earliest known Athenian Greek-Phoenician inscriptions (see here for image).

AO 7090 (CIS I 10)

Four line Phoenician inscription on a marble block, found in autumn 1861 in Kition (today, part of Larnaca), and obtained by Demetrios Pierides. The inscription mentions its date as year 21 of Pymiaton, the last king of Kition, i.e. in 336/7. The inscription is dedicated to Canaanite god Resheph. The inscription is as follows:

On the sixteenth day of the month of Bul, the year 21 of the reign of Pumayyaton, king of Citium, Idalion and Temessus, son of king Milkyaton, king of Citium and Idalion. This altar and two altar hearths are what was offered by bd', the priest of Resheph-of-the-arrow (ršp ḥṣ), the son of Yakon- shalom, of the son of Eshmunadon, to his lord Resheph-of-the-arrow. May he bless (him)!

AO 4826 (CIS I 88)

Seven line Phoenician inscription on a marble block, thought to have served as the base for a statue, as the upper face includes the holes which may have held the clamps for the feet of a statue. The provenance is unknown, and has been variously given as Idalion and Kition. It was found in 1860 in its secondary use in a mosque in Nicosia (20 km north of ancient Idalion), however Melchior de Vogüé wrote that "it had been brought from Larnaca" (where ancient Kition is located). The inscription mentions its date as year 6 of the reign of Milkyaton, king of Citium and Idalium, which is the year 387. The inscription is as follows:

On the sixth day of the month of Pa..., the year 3 of the reign of Milkyaton, king of Citium and Idalion, son of Baalrom. This is the statue offered and erected 'and' (by) [… Rashap-] -yaton son of Izratiba'al, the royal interpreter, to his lord Melqart, (since) he he[ard (his) voice]… Fulfilled this vow and fulfilled the intentions expressed in this vow by [… son of Rashap-yaton] the royal interpreter… commissioned... and ... statues on the steps... commissioned... Abd-Pummay and Abd-Melqart, two sons of Adoni-shemesh, of the son of Rashap-yaton, the [ro]yal interpreter, in the year 6 of the reign of Milkyaton, king of Citium and Idalion, since Melqart heard their voice. May he bless them. It was discovered by Crusader historian Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey in Nicosia, where it had been brought from Larnaca and served as a mount at the door of the qadi. Guillaume-Rey had deposited at the French consulate, who sent it to the Louvre.

Bibliography de Vogüé, Melchior (1862). "FOUILLES DE CHYPRE ET DE SYRIE Extrait d'une Lettre de M. Melchior de Vogùé à M. Renan". Revue archéologique (in French). 6. Press Univ. de France: 244–252. JSTOR 41746929. Ewald, Heinrich (1862a). "Entzifferung der neuentdeckten Phönitisch-Kyprischen Inschriften [Deciphering of the newly discovered Phoenitic-Cypriot inscriptions]". Nachrichten von der Georg-Augusts-Universität und der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen: 1862 (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: 457. Retrieved 2022-07-30. Ewald, Heinrich (1862b). "Nachtrag zu der Entzifferung der neuentdeckten Phönitisch-Kyprischen Inschriften [Addendum to the decipherment of the newly discovered Phoenitic-Cypriot inscriptions]". Nachrichten von der Georg-Augusts-Universität und der Königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen: 1862 (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: 543. Retrieved 2022-07-30. Vaux, William Sandys Wright (1863). "Extracts from letters addressed to C.T. Newton, Esq., by M. Demetrius Pierides and F. Calvert, Esq". Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom. 2nd series, VII. J. Murray: 394‑398. Retrieved 2022-07-30. Levy, M.A. (1864). "I. Neue cyprische Inschriften". Phönizische Studien (in German). Vol. 3. Verlag von F.E.C. Leuckart. p. 1. Retrieved 2022-07-30. de Vogüé, Melchior (1867). "Inscriptions phéniciennes de l'île de Chypre". Journal Asiatique (in French). Société asiatique: 85–176. Retrieved 2022-07-31. Derenbourg, Joseph (1867). "Les nouvelles inscriptions de Cypre, trouvées par M. de Vogûé". Journal Asiatique (in French). Société asiatique: 479–502. Retrieved 2022-07-31. de Vogüé, Melchior (1867b). "Sur les inscriptions phéniciennes appartenant à l'île de Chypre". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French). 11 (1): 114–120. doi:10.3406/crai.1867.67304. Retrieved 2022-07-30. Caquot, André; Masson, Olivier (1968). "Deux inscriptions phéniciennes de Chypre". Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire (in French). 45 (3): 295–321. doi:10.3406/syria.1968.6016. Retrieved 2022-07-31. Münnich, M.M. (2013). The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East. Orientalische Religionen in der Antike : Ägypten, Israel, Alter Orient. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-152491-2. Retrieved 2022-07-31.

Notes

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Kition Resheph pillars

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Kition Resheph pillars claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Kition Resheph pillars before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Kition Resheph pillars ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Kition Resheph pillars

In research: Kition Resheph pillars appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Kition Resheph pillars in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Kition Resheph pillars is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1860 archaeological discoveries, Archaeological artifacts, Archaeological discoveries in Cyprus, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Kition Resheph pillars outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Kition Resheph pillars in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Kition Resheph pillars means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
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Frequently asked questions

What is Kition Resheph pillars in simple terms?

The Kition Resheph pillars are two Phoenician inscriptions discovered in Cyprus at Kition in 1860. They are notable for mentioning three cities - Kition, Idalion and Tamassos.

Why does Kition Resheph pillars matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Kition Resheph pillars?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Kition Resheph pillars.