science

Koronas-Foton

Koronas-Foton is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Koronas-Foton rather than just read about it. In short: Koronas-Foton (Russian: Коронас-Фотон), also known as CORONAS-Photon (Complex Orbital Observations Near-Earth of Activity of the Sun-Photon), was a Russian solar research satellite. It was the third satellite in the Russian CORONAS programme, and part of the international Living With a Star programme.

Key takeaways

Koronas-Foton belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Koronas-Foton to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Koronas-Foton from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Koronas-Foton (Russian: Коронас-Фотон), also known as CORONAS-Photon (Complex Orbital Observations Near-Earth of Activity of the Sun-Photon), was a Russian solar research satellite. It was the third satellite in the Russian CORONAS programme, and part of the international Living With a Star programme. It was launched on 30 January 2009, from Site 32/2 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, aboard the final flight of the Tsyklon-3 rocket. On 1 December 2009 all scientific instruments on the satellite were turned off due to the problems with power supply that were caused by a design flaw. On 18 April 2010 the creators of the satellite announced it was lost "with a good deal of certainty".

Overview The goal was to investigate the processes of free energy accumulation in the Sun's atmosphere, accelerated particle phenomena and solar flares, and the correlation between solar activity and geomagnetic storms on Earth. Launch occurred successfully on 30 January 2009, and the first batch of science data was downloaded from the satellite on 19 February 2009. The satellite operated in a 500 x 500 km x 82.5° polar low Earth orbit and was expected to have an operational lifetime of three years. It encountered power system problems during the first eclipse season, about six months after launch, and contact with the satellite was lost on 1 December 2009. The satellite returned to life on December 29 after its solar panels received enough light to power its control systems, but attempts to revive the satellite failed, and the satellite was considered lost. On 5 July 2009, Koronas-Foton's TESIS telescope registered the most powerful solar outburst of the year so far, lasting 11 minutes, from 06:07 to 06:18 GMT. Solar X-ray peak intensity reached С2.7 in a 5-level scale used to classify solar flares. The last equally powerful outburst occurred on 25 March 2008.

Development Koronas-Foton was a successor to the Koronas-F and Koronas-I satellites, launched in 1994 and 2001, respectively. It was being operated by the Russian Federal Space Agency, the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MIFI) and the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Electromechanics. It was built using a bus constructed for Meteor-M weather satellites,. Koronas-Foton also carried three Indian Roentgen Telescope or RT instruments: RT-2/S, RT-2/G, and RT-2/CZT. They were used to conduct photometric and spectrometric research into the Sun, and for low-energy gamma-ray imagery. These instruments were operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), and were constructed by a collaboration of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Indian Centre for Space Physics.

Instruments The satellite's scientific payload included an array of 12 instruments. Eight instruments were designed for registering electromagnetic radiation from the Sun in a wide range of the spectrum from near electromagnetic waves to gamma-radiation, as well as solar neutrons. Two instruments were designed to detect charged particles such as protons and electrons. Scientific instruments:

Natalya-2M spectrometer by MIFI, Moscow, Russia RT-2 gamma-telescope by TIFR/ICSP/VSSC, India. Pingvin-M (Penguin) polarimeter by MIFI, Moscow, Russia Konus-RF x-ray and gamma spectrometer by Ioffe Institute, Russia BRM x-ray detector by MIFI, Russia FOKA UV-detector by MIFI, Russia TESIS telescope/spectrometer by FIAN, Russia, with SphinX soft X-ray spectrophotometer, SRC PAS, Poland Electron-M-Peska charged particles analyser by NIIYaF MGU, Russia STEP-F Electron and proton detector by Kharkov National University, Ukraine SM-8M magnetometer by NPP Geologorazvedka/MIFI, Russia Service systems:

SSRNI science data collection and registration system by IKI, Russia Radio transmission system and antennas by RNII KP, Russia

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Koronas-Foton

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Koronas-Foton claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Koronas-Foton before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Koronas-Foton ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Koronas-Foton

In research: Koronas-Foton appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Koronas-Foton in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Koronas-Foton is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 2009 in Russia, Missions to the Sun, Satellites of Russia, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Koronas-Foton outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Koronas-Foton in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Koronas-Foton means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Koronas-Foton out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Koronas-Foton in simple terms?

Why does Koronas-Foton matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Koronas-Foton?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Koronas-Foton.