The legal year, in English law as well as in some other common law jurisdictions, is the calendar during which the judges sit in court. It is traditionally divided into periods called "terms".
Asia
Hong Kong Hong Kong's legal year is divided into three sittings, which only applies to the High Court:
Winter: from 4 January to the Thursday before Easter Sunday; Spring: from the second Monday after Easter Sunday to 31 July; and Autumn: from 1 September to 23 December. The beginning of the legal year in January is marked by the Ceremonial Opening of the Legal Year. The ceremony was previously known as the Opening of the Assizes, which was held until 1973 and revived in its current form in 1980. The tradition was adapted from the English Opening of the Legal Year ceremony, and today consists of an inspection by the Chief Justice of a Ceremonial Guard mounted by the Hong Kong Police Force at Edinburgh Place, followed by speeches from the Chief Justice, Secretary for Justice, the Chairman of the Bar, and the President of the Law Society at City Hall. The ceremony is attended by the entire body of judges and judicial officers, who will wear their ceremonial court dress. The procession is led by the Chief Justice, accompanied by the Chief Bailiff, who bears the ceremonial mace that symbolises the Chief Justice's authority.
Taiwan The start of the legal year for courts in Taiwan is referred to as Judicial Day and marked in early January.
Europe
England In England, the year is divided into four terms:
Michaelmas term - from October to December Hilary term - from January to April Easter term - from April to May Trinity term - from June to July. Between terms, the courts are in vacation, and no trials or appeals are heard in the High Court, Court of Appeal and Supreme Court. The legal terms apply to the High Court, Court of Appeal and Supreme Court only, and so have no application to the Crown Court, County Court, or magistrates' courts. The longest vacation period is between July and October. The dates of the terms are determined in law by a practice direction in the Civil Procedure Rules. The Hilary term was formerly from the 11th to the 31st of January, during which superior courts of England were open. The legal year commences at the beginning of October, with a ceremony dating back to the Middle Ages in which the judges arrive in a procession from the Temple Bar to Westminster Abbey for a religious service, followed by a reception known as the Lord Chancellor's breakfast, which is held in Westminster Hall. Although in former times the judges walked the distance from Temple to Westminster, they now mostly arrive by car. The service is held by the Dean of Westminster with the reading performed by the Lord Chancellor. The ceremony has been held continuously since 1897, with the exception of the years 1940 to 1946 due to the Second World War, and in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 1953 it was held in St Margaret's Church because Westminster Abbey was still decorated for the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.
Ireland In Ireland, the year is divided as per the English system, with identical Michaelmas, Hilary, Easter and Trinity terms. These have a Christmas, Easter, Whit and Long Vacation between them respectively. The Michaelmas term, and legal year, is opened with a service in St. Michan's Church, Dublin attended by members of the Bar and Law Society who then adjourn to a breakfast given in the King's Inns.
France In France, a rentrée solennelle, a ceremonial sitting of the court, is held in most courts in September to swear in new judges and in January or February, to mark the start of the legal year. New judges may also be sworn in at that event. Bar associations (barreaux), especially larger ones, may also hold a rentrée solennelle, but often at a completely different time of the year to the court-organised official ceremonies, such as in November. French courts do not sit in a formal term structure, although the practice of vacances judiciaires (legal vacations) between July and the end of August, in late December around Christmas and New Year's and, to a lesser extent, Easter, mean that courts often do not sit to hear non-urgent business during those times, creating, de facto, three legal terms each year.
North America
Canada Courts in Canada do not have formal terms. They are open year-round but tend to be less busy over the summer months. There is a formal opening of the courts in Ontario in September.
United States
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