Lev Bulat

Key takeaways

Lev Bulat belongs to physics; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Lev Bulat to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Lev Bulat from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Lev Petrovich Bulat (Russian: Лев Петрович Булат; 1947–2016) was a Russian physicist. Bulat was born on April 11, 1947 in Chernovtsy, Ukraine. In 1988, he received a D.Sc in physics and mathematics from Leningrad Polytechnical Institute, with his thesis entitled "Transport Phenomena in Semiconductors under Large Temperature Gradients". He was an expert in transport properties of semiconductors, physics of nanostructures, thermoelectric phenomena, direct energy conversion, and thermoelectric cooling. He was a professor of electrical and electronic engineering at Saint Petersburg State University. He died suddenly on June 12, 2016 at age 69, less than two weeks after attending an international conference.

Awards and grants 2009. A diploma of the International Thermoelectric Academy, Kiev, Ukraine. 2009. A grant from the EERSS Program, Singapore. 2008. A grant from the Russian Federal Agency on Sciences and Innovation. 2007. A grant from the EERSS Program, Singapore. 2006. The Certificate of Honor from the Ministry of Education and Science, Russian Federation. 1996–2009. Eleven grants from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. 2005. A grant from SSHN, France. 2004, 2007. Two grants from CONACYT, Mexico. 2003–2004. A grant from the Ministry of Education, Russian Federation. 1997. A grant from KOSEF, Korea. 1997. A grant from the MacArthur Foundation, USA. 1997–2000. Holder of a personal grant from the Russian Academy of Sciences as an outstanding scientist. 1997. Two grants from the Materials Research Society, USA. 1993–1994. Three grants from the International Science Foundation, USA.

Organizations 2004. Member of the Board of the International Thermoelectric Academy. 2003. Member of the Board of the International Academy of Refrigeration. 2002. Active member of the International Thermoelectric Academy. https://web.archive.org/web/20021204093057/http://www.ite.cv.ua/ita/index.html 1999. Honorary member of the International Biographical Center's Advisory Council, Cambridge, England. http://www.melrosepress.co.uk/index.html 1998. Member of the Euroscience Society, France. https://web.archive.org/web/20080115202436/http://www.euroscience.org/index.html 1997. Member of the Branch on Thermoelectric Energy Conversion of the Science Council for the Problem of "Direct Energy Conversion", Russian Academy of Sciences. 1997. Active member of the International Academy of Refrigeration. http://www.maxiar.spb.ru/conf.shtml 1996. Head of the Section for Alternative Methods of Refrigeration of the International Academy of Refrigeration. https://web.archive.org/web/20071013151654/http://zts.com/iar 1996. Member of the Board of the Russian Thermoelectric Society. 1991. Member of the Materials Research Society, USA. 1990. Member of the International Thermoelectric Society. 1989. Member of the Branch on Thermoelectric Materials Research of the Science Council on the Problem of "Solid State Physics", Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. 1982. Member of the Branch on Thermoelectric and Photoelectric Energy Conversion of the Science Council on the Problem of "Methods of Direct Energy Conversion", Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

Publications Bulat was the author of 9 books, 200 scientific papers and 5 patents.

Books 1. Bulat L.P., Yang Y.S. Thermoelectric Energy Conversion with Application to Solar Energy. Seoul, Jungin I&D Co., Ltd, Korea, 2006, 80 p. 2. Afanasyeva N.A., Bulat L.P. Electrical and electronic engineering. St. Petersburg State University of Refrigeration and Food Engineering: 2006, St. Petersburg, Russia, 185 p. 3. Timofeevskiy L.S., Bulat L.P. et al. Heat and design calculation of refrigeration machines, heat pumps and heat-transformers. Part 1. Calculation of cycles, thermodynamic and thermal properties of working substances. SPbUR&FE: 2006, St. Petersburg Russia, 456 p. 4. Thermoelectric Refrigeration. Bulat L.P., Vedernikov M.V., Vyalov A.P. et al. Ed. by L.P.Bulat. St. Petersburg State University of Refrigeration and Food Engineering: 2002, St. Petersburg, Russia, 147 p. 5. Bulat L.P., Buzin E.V. Thermoelectric cooling systems. St. Petersburg State University of Refrigeration and Food Engineering: 2001, St. Petersburg, Russia, 42 p. 6. Anatychuk L.I. and Bulat L.P. Semiconductors under extreme temperature conditions. “Nauka”, St. Petersburg, 2001, Russia, 224 p. 7. Bulat L.P. Transport Phenomena in Semiconductors under Large Temperature Gradients. LPI, Leningrad, 1987, 300 p. 8. Bulat L.P. and Tomchuk P.M. Solution of kinetic equation under condition of strong heterogeneity. Kiev, Institute of Physics, 1987. 9. Bulat L.P., Demchishin E.I., Snarsky A.A. and Tomchuk P.M. Non-linear effective kinetic coefficients in heterogeneous media. Kiev, Institute of Physics, 1984.

Patents Bulat L.P. et al. The Bearing Unit // Patent # SU 1765567. Priority from 08.02.89. Published 30.09.92. USSR. Anatychuk L.I., Bulat L.P. and Jatsjuk V.G. Thermoelement // Patent # SU 1630577. Priority from 20.01.88. USSR. Bulat L.P. and Gutsal D.D. The Linear Motor // Patent # SU 1394348. Priority from 23.07.85. Published 07.05.88. USSR. Bulat L.P. and Demchishin E.I. The Method of Generating Transverse Thermoelectric Power in Single Crystals of High Symmetry // Patent # SU 1484215. Priority from 12.01.87. USSR. Bulat L.P. and Gutsal D.D. The Heat Flux Sensor // Patent # SU 1545103. Priority from 10.11.87. Published 23.02.90. USSR.

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Lev Bulat

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Lev Bulat claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In physics, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Lev Bulat before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Lev Bulat ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Lev Bulat

In research: Lev Bulat appears in physics research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Lev Bulat in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Lev Bulat is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1947 births, 2016 deaths, Russian physicists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Lev Bulat outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study Lev Bulat in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Lev Bulat means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Lev Bulat out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Lev Bulat in simple terms?

Lev Petrovich Bulat (Russian: Лев Петрович Булат; 1947–2016) was a Russian physicist. Bulat was born on April 11, 1947 in Chernovtsy, Ukraine.

Why does Lev Bulat matter?

Because it connects several physics ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Lev Bulat?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Lev Bulat.