astronomy

Linda Randall

Linda Randall is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Linda Randall rather than just read about it. In short: Linda Randall is a Professor Emerita of Biochemistry and Wurdack Chair Emerita of Biological Chemistry at the University of Missouri. Her research has shown unexpected and complex details of the movement of newly made proteins from the cytosol across membranes into the organelles of the cell.

Key takeaways

Linda Randall belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Linda Randall to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Linda Randall from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Linda Randall is a Professor Emerita of Biochemistry and Wurdack Chair Emerita of Biological Chemistry at the University of Missouri. Her research has shown unexpected and complex details of the movement of newly made proteins from the cytosol across membranes into the organelles of the cell. In particular, she found that the entire protein was kept unfolded by association with a chaperone and not just directed to cross membranes by its terminal leader sequence. In 1997, she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences of the USA because of the excellence of this work. She has received a number of other honors and awards.

Education Randall received her BS from Colorado State University in Zoology and her PhD at the University of Wisconsin in Molecular Biology.

Academic research career Randall was a professor at the University of Uppsala for eight years before joining the faculty at Washington State University, WSU, in 1981. After twenty years at WSU, she moved to the University of Missouri. Randall's research focuses on the mechanism of protein export in the bacterium Escherichia coli. Her laboratory demonstrated the role of chaperones in the transport and folding of proteins.

Honors and awards National Academy of Sciences, 1997 American Academy of Microbiology American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1984 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Eli Lilly Award in Microbiology or Immunology (American Society for Microbiology)

Selected works Bariya, Priya; Randall, Linda L. (2019). "Coassembly of SecYEG and SecA Fully Restores the Properties of the Native Translocon". Journal of Bacteriology. 201 (1). doi:10.1128/JB.00493-18. PMC 6287467. PMID 30275279. Findik, Bahar T.; Smith, Virginia F.; Randall, Linda L. (2018). "Penetration into membrane of amino-terminal region of SecA when associated with SecYEG in active complexes". Protein Science. 27 (3): 681–691. doi:10.1002/pro.3362. PMC 5818754. PMID 29247569. Suo, Yuying; Hardy, Simon J.S.; Randall, Linda L. (2015). "The Basis of Asymmetry in the SecA:SecB Complex". Journal of Molecular Biology. 427 (4): 887–900. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2014.12.008. PMC 4370339. PMID 25534082. Mao, Chunfeng; Cheadle, Carl E.; Hardy, Simon J. S.; Lilly, Angela A.; Suo, Yuying; Sanganna Gari, Raghavendar Reddy; King, Gavin M.; Randall, Linda L. (2013). "Stoichiometry of SecYEG in the active translocase of Escherichia coli varies with precursor species". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (29): 11815–11820. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11011815M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1303289110. PMC 3718118. PMID 23818593. Sanganna Gari, Raghavendar Reddy; Frey, Nathan C.; Mao, Chunfeng; Randall, Linda L.; King, Gavin M. (2013). "Dynamic Structure of the Translocon SecYEG in Membrane". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (23): 16848–16854. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.471870. PMC 3675617. PMID 23609442. Suo, Yuying; Hardy, Simon J. S.; Randall, Linda L. (2011). "Orientation of SecA and SecB in Complex, Derived from Disulfide Cross-Linking". Journal of Bacteriology. 193 (1): 190–196. doi:10.1128/JB.00975-10. PMC 3019939. PMID 21037004. Randall, Linda L.; Henzl, Michael T. (2010). "Direct identification of the site of binding on the chaperone SecB for the amino terminus of the translocon motor SecA". Protein Science. 19 (6): 1173–1179. doi:10.1002/pro.392. PMC 2895241. PMID 20512970. Crane, Jennine M.; Lilly, Angela A.; Randall, Linda L. (2010). "Characterization of Interactions Between Proteins Using Site-Directed Spin Labeling and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy". Protein Secretion. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 619. pp. 173–190. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-412-8_11. ISBN 978-1-60327-167-7. PMC 5814136. PMID 20419411. Lilly, Angela A.; Crane, Jennine M.; Randall, Linda L. (2009). "Export chaperone SecB uses one surface of interaction for diverse unfolded polypeptide ligands". Protein Science. 18 (9): 1860–1868. doi:10.1002/pro.197. PMC 2777361. PMID 19569227. Randall, L.; Hardy, S. J. (1995). "High selectivity with low specificity: How SecB has solved the paradox of chaperone binding". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 20 (2): 65–69. doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(00)88959-8. PMID 7701564.

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Linda Randall

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Linda Randall claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Linda Randall before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Linda Randall ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Linda Randall

In research: Linda Randall appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Linda Randall in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Linda Randall is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 21st-century American women, Academic staff of Uppsala University, American women academics, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Linda Randall outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Linda Randall in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Linda Randall means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Linda Randall out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Linda Randall in simple terms?

Why does Linda Randall matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Linda Randall?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Linda Randall.