biology

List of Betula species

List of Betula species is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of Betula species rather than just read about it. In short: Subgenera of genus Betula (birch), are; Subgenus Betulenta - Wintergreen oil birches Bark on twigs rich in methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen). Female catkins erect.

Key takeaways

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Reference excerpt

Subgenera of genus Betula (birch), are;

Subgenus Betulenta - Wintergreen oil birches Bark on twigs rich in methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen). Female catkins erect.

Diploid (2n = 28). Betula lenta - Sweet birch or cherry birch Betula lenta subsp. uber - Cherry Creek birch Hexaploid (6n = 84). Betula allegheniensis - Yellow birch (B. lutea) Decaploid (10n = 140). Betula austrosinensis - South China birch Betula globispica - Betula medwediewii - Caucasian birch Duodecaploid (12n = 168). Betula megrelica - chromosome number not reported Betula corylifolia - Hazel-leaf birch Betula grossa - Japanese cherry birch Betula insignis -

Subgenus Betulaster - Large-leaf birches Bark on twigs contains some methyl salicylate. Female catkins pendulous.

Betula alnoides - Alder-leaf birch Betula alnoides subsp. luminifera - Betula maximowicziana - Monarch birch

Subgenus Neurobetula - Costate birches Bark on twigs without methyl salicylate. Female catkins erect.

Diploid (2n = 28). Betula calcicola - Betula chichibuensis - Betula costata - Korean birch Betula nigra - River birch or black birch Betula potaninii - Potanin's birch Tetraploid (4n = 56). Betula albosinensis - Chinese red birch Betula albosinensis var. septentrionalis - North Chinese red birch Betula ermanii - Erman's birch Betula jacquemontii (B. utilis subsp. jacquemontii) - White-barked Himalayan birch Betula utilis - Himalayan birch Hexaploid (6n = 84). Betula dahurica - Dahurian birch Betula delavayi - Delavay's birch Betula raddeana - Radde's birch Octoploid (8n = 112). Betula chinensis - Chinese birch chromosome number not reported Betula fargesii - Farges's birch Betula schmidtii - Schmidt's birch chromosome number unknown Betula leopoldae

Subgenus Betula - Typical birches Bark on twigs without methyl salicylate. Female catkins pendulous.

Diploid (2n = 28). Betula cordifolia - Heart-leaf birch or mountain paper birch Betula pendula - Silver birch Betula mandschurica - Manchurian birch Betula mandschurica var. japonica - Japanese birch Betula neoalaskana - Alaska birch or Yukon birch Betula occidentalis - Water birch or red birch (B. fontinalis) Betula platyphylla (Betula pendula var. platyphylla) - Siberian silver birch Betula populifolia - Gray birch Betula szechuanica (Betula pendula var. szechuanica) - Sichuan birch Tetraploid (4n = 56). Betula celtiberica - Iberian white birch Betula pubescens - White birch, European white birch or downy birch Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa - Arctic white birch Pentaploid (5n = 70). Betula kenaica - Kenai birch Hexaploid (6n = 84). Betula papyrifera - Paper birch, canoe birch or American white birch (sometimes tetraploid or pentaploid)

Subgenus Chamaebetula - Dwarf birches Small shrubs with small rounded leaves. Female catkins pendulous.

Diploid (2n = 28). Betula glandulosa (B. nana subsp. glandulosa) - American dwarf birch Betula nana - Dwarf birch Tetraploid (4n = 56). Betula minor - Quebec dwarf birch Betula pumila - Swamp birch chromosome number not reported Betula fruticosa - Betula gmelinii - Betula hallii - Cascades dwarf birch Betula humilis - Arctic dwarf birch Betula michauxii - Newfoundland dwarf birch Betula microphylla - Betula middendorffii -

Notes There is no consensus at all on species limits in Betula, with different authors differing wildly in what species they accept, from under 30 species, to over 60. The above (incomplete) list was compiled from the references cited below. Birches will hybridise very freely, particularly in cultivation but also in the wild where conditions and species present permit. While differing chromosome number (diploid, tetraploid, etc.) may reduce interbreeding, it is not an absolute bar to it. Many botanists regard differing chromosome number as a specific discriminant, though not all do so (e.g. some include B. cordifolia and B. neoalaskana as varieties within B. papyrifera).

References

Bean, W. J. 1976, 1988. Trees & Shrubs hardy in the British Isles. Eighth edition, revised, vol. 1 (1976) & Supplement (1988); editor D. L. Clarke. Hunt, D. 1993. Betula. Proceedings of the IDS Betula Symposium 2-4 October 1992. International Dendrology Society. Li, J., Shoup, S. & Chen, Z.; Shoup, Suzanne; Chen, Zhiduan (2007). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Diploid Species of Betula (Betulaceae) Inferred from DNA Sequences of Nuclear Nitrate Reductase". Systematic Botany. 32 (2): 357–365. doi:10.1600/036364407781179699. S2CID 85837009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Rushforth, K. D. 1999. Trees of Britain & Europe. Collins. (Useful details on chromosome numbers of many European & Asian birches). Skvortsov, A. K. 2002. A new system of the genus Betula. Byulleten Moskovoskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologie 107: 73–76. Flora of North America online - Betula. Grimshaw, J. 2009, New Trees, Recent introductions to cultivation. Kew Publishing

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of Betula species

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of Betula species claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of Betula species before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of Betula species ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of Betula species

In research: List of Betula species appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of Betula species in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of Betula species is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Betula, Lists of plant species, Lists of trees, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of Betula species outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

What is List of Betula species in simple terms?

Subgenera of genus Betula (birch), are; Subgenus Betulenta - Wintergreen oil birches Bark on twigs rich in methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen). Female catkins erect.

Why does List of Betula species matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study List of Betula species?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on List of Betula species.