The COM clade consists of, and is named for, three orders of flowering plants: Celastrales, Oxalidales and Malpighiales. A subgroup of the rosids, it is divided into 45 families of trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous perennials and annuals. Coca leaves, containing small amounts of cocaine, have been chewed as a stimulant for thousands of years in the Andes. Cassava crops provide a substantial source of carbohydrates in the tropics. Bruguiera, Rhizophora and other mangroves are planted to protect coasts from storms and to anchor beach sand. A single rootstock that supports a grove of quaking aspen may be the world's oldest living individual plant, at around 80,000 years. Hybrids of the wild pansy (Viola tricolor) and other species of the violet family are grown as ornamentals, even in temperate winters.
Glossary From the glossary of botanical terms:
annual: a plant species that completes its life cycle within a single year or growing season basal: attached close to the base (of a plant or an evolutionary tree diagram) climber: a vine that leans on, twines around or clings to other plants for vertical support deciduous: falling seasonally, as with bark, leaves or petals glandular hair: a hair tipped with a secretory structure herbaceous: not woody; usually green and soft in texture perennial: not an annual or biennial succulent (adjective): juicy or fleshy unisexual: of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs woody: hard and lignified; not herbaceous The APG IV system is the fourth in a series of plant taxonomies from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. In this system, Celastrales is basal within the COM clade.
Families
See also List of plant family names with etymologies
Notes
Citations
References Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. Burkhardt, Lotte (2018). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition [Index of Eponymic Plant Names – Extended Edition] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. S2CID 187926901. Archived from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021. See the Creative Commons license Archived 2015-11-21 at the Wayback Machine. Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0. Coombes, Allen (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2. IPNI (2022). "International Plant Names Index". London, Boston and Canberra: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; and the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2022. Kubitzki, K. (2013). "Introduction to Malpighiales". In Kubitzki, K. (ed.). Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Malpighiales. Vol. XI. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1. POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2023. See their terms-of-use license Archived 2023-02-06 at the Wayback Machine. Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume I, A–C. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2. Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume II, D–L. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-2676-9. Quattrocchi, Umberto (2019) [2000]. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume III, M–Q. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-367-44751-9. Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36469-5. Stevens, P.F. (2023) [2001]. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on December 2, 2001. Retrieved January 2, 2023. Turland, N. J.; et al. (eds.). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2022. "USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). Beltsville, Maryland: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. 2022. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
