biology

List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies

List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies rather than just read about it. In short: This is a list of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies during the Late Pleistocene. It includes all known species that have had their tissues partially preserved within the permafrost layer of the Arctic and Subarctic.

Key takeaways

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Reference excerpt

This is a list of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies during the Late Pleistocene. It includes all known species that have had their tissues partially preserved within the permafrost layer of the Arctic and Subarctic. Most went extinct during the Late Pleistocene extinctions while some are still extant today. They have been listed to the most specific known taxonomic rank.

Overview Permafrost mummies provide crucial insights into the physiology and life histories of Pleistocene organisms, due to how well the preservation process keeps the specimens from decomposing. The constant presence of permafrost is able to preserve the soft tissues of organisms through a process similar to freeze-drying. With such complete preservation of tissues, it is possible to determine numerous things from the such as: DNA, eDNA, evolutionary history, gut contents, and trophic dynamics. Studies have even shown that the process is so complete there is evidence of nucleic activity. Some of these specimens are on display at the Kingdom of the Permafrost museum near Yakutsk. (E) - denote an extinct species or subspecies

Artiodactyla (Even-toed ungulates)

Bovidae (Bovines) Bison priscus, Steppe bison (E) Bootherium bombifrons, Helmeted muskox (E) Ovibos moschatus, Muskox

Cervidae (Deer) Cervalces latifrons, Giant Moose (E) Rangifer tarandus, Reindeer

Carnivora

Canidae (Dogs) Canis lupus, Grey wolf

Felidae (Cats) Homotherium latidens, Scimitar-toothed cat (E) Lynx sp. Panthera spelaea, Cave lion (E)

Mustelidae (Weasels) Mustela nigripes, Black-footed ferret Gulo gulo, Wolverine (first attributed to the putative extinct subspecies G. g. berelekhii, which is probably a junior synonym of the extant subspecies G. g. jacutensis)

Lagomorpha

Ochotonidae (Pika) Ochotona collaris, Collared pika Ochotona princeps, American pika

Leporidae (Rabbits and hares) Lepus americanus, Snowshoe hare Lepus timidus tanaiticus, Don hare (E)

Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates)

Equidae (Horses) Equus lambei, Yukon horse (E) Equus lenensis, Lena horse (E)

Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceroses) Coelodonta antiquitatis, Wooly rhinoceros (E)

Proboscidea

Elephantidae (Elephants)

Mammuthus primigenius, Wooly mammoth (E)

Rodentia (Rodents)

Cricetidae (Voles) Lemmus sibiricus, West Siberian lemming Microtus gregalis egorovi, Egorov's narrow-headed vole

Sciuridae (Squirrels) Urocitellus parryii, Arctic ground squirrel

New World Porcupine (North American Porcupines) Erethizon dorsatum, North American porcupine

Passeriformes (Perching Birds)

Alaudidae (Larks) Eremophila sp. Ancestral horned lark (E)

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies

In research: List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Lists of prehistoric animals, Lists of species lists, Mummies, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of Ice Age species preserved as permafrost mummies outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

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Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

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Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

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