This is a list of notable Italian scientists organized by the era in which they were active.
Ancient Parmenides (530 BC–460 BC), İtalian-Greek philosopher, defender of rationalism in philosophy Marcus Terentius Varro (116 BC–27 BC), mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, founder of the wise Roman calendar Adrastus of Cyzicus (116 BC–27 BC), astronomer Cicero (106 BC–43 BC), philosopher Lucretius (94 BC–55 BC), philosopher, Scientist named after the crater on the Moon Virgil (70 BC–19 BC), philosopher and poet Livy (59 BC–17 BC), historian Seneca (4–65), philosopher Pliny the Elder (23–79), botanist, natural philosopher Pliny the Younger (61–113), inventor, scholar and philosopher Marcus Aurelius (121–180), philosopher, emperor Augustine Of Hippo (354–430), philosopher Boethius (480–524), philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, theorists
Middle Ages Mondino de Liuzzi (c. 1270–1326), physician and anatomist whose Anathomia corporis humani (MS. 1316; first printed in 1478) was the first modern work on anatomy Guido da Vigevano (c. 1280–c. 1349), physician and inventor who became one of the first writers to include illustrations in a work on anatomy Trotula (11th–12th centuries), physician who wrote several influential works on women's medicine; whose texts on gynecology and obstetrics were widely used for several hundred years in Europe Rogerius (before 1140–c. 1195), surgeon who wrote a work on medicine entitled Practica Chirurgiae ("The Practice of Surgery") around 1180 Roland of Parma (1198–c. 1250), surgeon whose commentary on his teacher's Practica Chirurgiae, known as the Rolandina, became the standard surgical textbook in the West for the next three centuries Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio (1330–1388), doctor and clock-maker at Padua, son of Jacopo Dondi, builder of the Astrarium Jacopo Dondi dell'Orologio (1293–1359), doctor and clock-maker at Padua, father of Giovanni Leonardo Fibonacci (c. 1170–c. 1250), mathematician, eponym of the Fibonacci number sequence, considered to be the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages
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