science

List of disinformation attacks by country

List of disinformation attacks by country is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of disinformation attacks by country rather than just read about it. In short: Disinformation attacks are media campaigns that deliberately disseminate incorrect information through public media channels and the Internet. In many cases the goal of the disinformation attack is to confuse, paralyze, and polarize an audience.

Key takeaways

List of disinformation attacks by country belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect List of disinformation attacks by country to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of List of disinformation attacks by country from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Disinformation attacks are media campaigns that deliberately disseminate incorrect information through public media channels and the Internet. In many cases the goal of the disinformation attack is to confuse, paralyze, and polarize an audience. This list is intended for attacks on a national-scale, not for example a local political campaign making claims about a single politician. If adding an item that is not a wikilink to a Wikipedia article, please cite a source.

Listing by country

Canada Jihadunspun.com

China, People's Republic of Chinese information operations and information warfare 50 Cent Party Cyberwarfare and China Little Pink Internet Water Army PLA Unit 61398 Spamouflage COVID-19 misinformation by China Global Times

Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic Operation Neptune (espionage)

Germany Funkspiel Lying press Propaganda in Nazi Germany Myth of the clean Wehrmacht

Hungary Fidesz propaganda

India Fake news in India Godi-media Paid news in India OpIndia

Israel Team Jorge

Kuwait Fintas Group

Lithuania Vilnius People's Republic

Mexico Peñabots (2012-~2017)

Philippines COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines (ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign) Fake news in the Philippines Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos

Russia Russian disinformation Active measures Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era Cyberwarfare by Russia 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War Russian information war against Ukraine (2022-) Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum Accusations of Russian interference in the 2024 Romanian presidential election Russian Institute for Strategic Studies Internet Research Agency (Trolls from Olgino) Russian web brigades

Soviet Union K-1000 battleship Operation INFEKTION Operation Toucan (KGB) Seat 12 Soviet influence on the peace movement U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Useful idiot Soviet disinformation

South Africa HIV/AIDS denialism in South Africa

South Korea Voluntary Agency Network of Korea

Turkey Conspiracy theories in Turkey Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests AK Trolls

United Kingdom Bell Pottinger Double-Cross System Clockwork Orange (plot) Euromyth Lancet MMR autism fraud Operation Mass Appeal Psychological Warfare Division Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum Zinoviev letter

United States 1995 CIA disinformation controversy Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election Conspiracy theories in United States politics 9/11 conspiracy theories CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory QAnon Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories COVID-19 misinformation by the United States Fake news in the United States Fake news websites in the United States Election denial movement in the United States The Freedom Fighter's Manual Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap Litter boxes in schools hoax Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium forgeries Tobacco industry playbook Operation Shocker Yellow rain

Venezuela Bolivarian Army of Trolls

Vietnam Public opinion brigades Force 47

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of disinformation attacks by country

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of disinformation attacks by country claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of disinformation attacks by country before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of disinformation attacks by country ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of disinformation attacks by country

In research: List of disinformation attacks by country appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of disinformation attacks by country in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of disinformation attacks by country is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Disinformation, Lists by country, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of disinformation attacks by country outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study List of disinformation attacks by country in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what List of disinformation attacks by country means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain List of disinformation attacks by country out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is List of disinformation attacks by country in simple terms?

Why does List of disinformation attacks by country matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study List of disinformation attacks by country?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on List of disinformation attacks by country.