chemistry

List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency

List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency rather than just read about it. In short: The International Standard for the Prohibited List is the standard published by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) that lists substances prohibited in competitive sport. It is updated at least once per year as required by the World Anti-Doping Code.

Key takeaways

List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The International Standard for the Prohibited List is the standard published by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) that lists substances prohibited in competitive sport. It is updated at least once per year as required by the World Anti-Doping Code. The adoption of the first World Anti-Doping Code (the Code) occurred at the 2nd World Conference on Doping in Sport in March 2003 in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was there that WADA assumed the responsibility of maintaining, updating, and publishing the List of Prohibited Substances and Methods (the List) in sport. The List is to be updated and published by WADA at least annually. WADA specifies that the List generally includes any substance that meets any two of the following criteria: it enhances sport performance, it represents a health risk to the athlete, it violates the spirit of sport (as defined in the WADA Code). Substances and techniques that are prohibited by WADA fall into the following categories: S0 non-approved substances; S1 anabolic agents; S2 peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics; S3 beta-2 agonists; S4 hormone and metabolic modulators; S5 diuretics and masking agents; prohibited methods (M1 blood doping, M2 manipulation of samples, M3 gene doping); S6 stimulants; S7 narcotics; S8 cannabinoids; S9 glucocorticoids; P1 beta-blockers.

Blood doping Blood doping is the injection of red blood cells, related blood products that contain red blood cells, or artificial oxygen containers. This is done by extracting and storing one's own blood prior to an athletic competition, well in advance of the competition so that the body can replenish its natural levels of red blood cells, and subsequently injecting the stored blood immediately before competition. The resulting unnatural level of red blood cells improves oxygen transport and athletic endurance; thus, it is prohibited in most events. It is often used in extreme sports like cycling, snowboarding, and skiing where endurance is highly valued. The most famous example of this type of doping is Lance Armstrong's performance in the Tour de France.

Banned anabolic agents Banned anabolic agents are, for the purpose of WADA, either anabolic steroids, which activate testosterone and epitestosterone receptors, thereby improving muscle strength and endurance, or "other anabolic agents". Andro, DHEA, stanozolol, testosterone, and nandrolone, or derivates (see below) are banned anabolic steroids. Other banned anabolic agents include clenbuterol, tibolone, zeranol, zilpaterol, and selective androgen receptor modulators. While a few of the banned drugs are endogenous, that is they are normally produced in the human body, most of the banned drug are exogenous drugs chemically produced. These types of drugs were used extensively in Major League Baseball in the 1990s and early 2000s.

Exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids This is the complete list of exogenous (non-natural) androgenic agents banned as of January 1, 2012:

Drugs with similar structures and biological activity are also banned because new designer drugs of this sort are always being developed in order to beat the drug tests. Caffeine, a stimulant known to improve performance, is currently not on the banned list. It was listed until 2004, with a maximum allowed level of 12 micrograms per millilitre urine.

Endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids The following substances, ordinarily produced naturally in the body, are prohibited when administered from outside the body.

Androstenediol Androstenedione Dihydrotestosterone Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA) Testosterone

Metabolites and isomers Metabolites and isomers of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids, including:

Other anabolic agents Clenbuterol – a beta-agonist; anabolic ability dubious Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) Tibolone – a synthetic steroid Zeranol – a nonsteroidal estrogen Zilpaterol – a beta2-agnoist; anabolic ability dubious

Peptide hormones and related substances Certain peptide hormones increase bulk, strength, and oxygen-carrying red blood cells. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents such as erythropoietin (EPO), darbepoetin (dEPO), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers, methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA) and peginesatide (Hematide); growth hormone (hGH), insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1, etc.), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), hepatocyte growth factors (HGF), mechano growth factors (MGFs), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), human chorionic gonadotropin (hcG, banned in men only), somatotrophin (growth hormone), insulins and corticotrophins, corticosteroid mimics, and their releasing factor, are banned. Also banned are any other growth factor affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis/degradation, vascularization, energy utilization, regenerative capacity or fiber type switching, and other substances with similar chemical structure and/or biological effects.

Beta-2 agonists All beta-2 agonists and their D- and L-isomers, are banned. However, formoterol, salbutamol, salmeterol, and terbutaline may be used with a "therapeutic use exemption", only in the inhaled form.

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency

In research: List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Commonwealth Games-related lists, Drug-related lists, Exercise biochemistry, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
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Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
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Frequently asked questions

What is List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency in simple terms?

Why does List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

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