computer science

List of failed and overbudget custom software projects

List of failed and overbudget custom software projects is a computer science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of failed and overbudget custom software projects rather than just read about it. In short: This is a list of notable custom software projects which have significantly failed to achieve some or all of their objectives, either temporarily or permanently, and/or have suffered from significant cost overruns. Note that failed projects, and projects running over budget, are not necessarily the sole fault of the employees or businesses creating the software.

Key takeaways

List of failed and overbudget custom software projects belongs to computer science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect List of failed and overbudget custom software projects to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of List of failed and overbudget custom software projects from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

This is a list of notable custom software projects which have significantly failed to achieve some or all of their objectives, either temporarily or permanently, and/or have suffered from significant cost overruns. Note that failed projects, and projects running over budget, are not necessarily the sole fault of the employees or businesses creating the software. In some cases, problems may be due partly to problems with the purchasing organisation, including poor requirements, over-ambitious requirements, unnecessary requirements, poor contract drafting, poor contract management, poor end-user training, or poor operational management.

Permanent failures Because software, unlike a major civil engineering construction project, is often easy and cheap to change after it has been constructed, a piece of custom software that fails to deliver on its objectives may sometimes be modified over time in such a way that it later succeeds—and/or business processes or end-user mindsets may change to accommodate the software. However, sometimes, for various reasons, neither approach succeeds (or is even tried), and this may be considered as another level of failure—a permanent failure.

Temporary issues and budget overruns

Projects with ongoing problems Until the significant problems with these projects are resolved, or the projects cancelled, it is not yet possible to classify them into one of the above categories.

See also Software crisis Vaporware Agile software development Government waste

References

External links The Risks Digest "Risk Factor - IEEE Spectrum". IEEE. 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015. Best Practices and Measures for Success of your ERP IT Software Projects

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of failed and overbudget custom software projects

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of failed and overbudget custom software projects claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In computer science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of failed and overbudget custom software projects before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of failed and overbudget custom software projects ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of failed and overbudget custom software projects

In research: List of failed and overbudget custom software projects appears in computer science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of failed and overbudget custom software projects in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of failed and overbudget custom software projects is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Discontinued custom software projects, History of software, Lists of software, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of failed and overbudget custom software projects outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study List of failed and overbudget custom software projects in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what List of failed and overbudget custom software projects means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain List of failed and overbudget custom software projects out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is List of failed and overbudget custom software projects in simple terms?

Why does List of failed and overbudget custom software projects matter?

Because it connects several computer science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study List of failed and overbudget custom software projects?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on List of failed and overbudget custom software projects.