This is a list of fossil primates—extinct primates for which a fossil record exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized mammal, which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the primates remains controversial and even their arboreal origin has recently been questioned. As it has been suggested, many other mammal orders are arboreal too, but they have not developed the same characteristics as primates. Nowadays, some well known genera, such as Purgatorius and Plesiadapis, thought to be the most ancient primates for a long time, are not usually considered as such by recent authors, who tend to include them in the new order Plesiadapiformes, within superorder Euarchontoglires. Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term Euprimates, which excludes Plesiadapiformes. That denomination is not used here. There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the problematic Altiatlasius koulchii, perhaps an Omomyid, but perhaps a non-Primate Plesiadapiform, which lived in Morocco, during the Paleocene, around 60 Ma. However, other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 Ma, that is to say, in the time previous to the extinction of dinosaurs and the successful mammal radiation. Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus about the monophyletic origin of the order, although the evidence is not clear. The order Primates, established by Linnaeus in 1758, includes humans and their immediate ancestors. However, contrarily to the common opinion, most primates do not have especially large brains. Brain size is a derived character, which only appeared with genus Homo, and was lacking in the first hominid. In fact, hominid encephalization quotient is only 1.5 Ma more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization quotient of some cetaceans is therefore higher than that of most primates, including the nearest relatives of humans, such as Australopithecus. This list follows partly from Walter Carl Hartwig's 2002 book The Fossil Primate Record and John G. Fleagle's 2013 book Primate Adaptation and Evolution (3rd edition). Parentheses around authors' names (and dates) indicates a change in generic name for the fossil, as stated in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Since the publication of the book as well as the creation of this article, new fossil taxon have been discovered that has helped improved the taxonomy among primates in general.
Strepsirrhini
Infraorder Adapiformes
Adapiformes, incertae sedis Sulaimanius Gunnell et al., 2012 Sulaimanius arifi (Gunnell et al., 2008)
Adapoidea
Ekgmowechashalidae Szalay, 1976 Bugtilemur Marivaux et al., 2001 Bugtilemur mathesoni Marivaux et al., 2001 Ekgmowechashala Macdonald, 1963 Ekgmowechashala philotau Macdonald, 1963 Ekgmowechashala zancanellai Samuels, Albright & Fremd, 2015 Gatanthropus Ni et al., 2016 Gatanthropus micros Ni et al., 2016 Muangthanhinius Marivaux et al., 2006 Muangthanhinius siami Marivaux et al., 2006 Notharctidae Trouessart, 1879 Notharctinae Trouessart, 1879 Cantius Simons, 1962 Cantius abditus Gingerich & Simmons, 1977 Cantius angulatus Cope, 1875 Cantius antediluvius Kihm, 1992 Cantius eppsi Cooper, 1932 Cantius frugivorus Cope, 1875 Cantius lohseorum Robinson, 2016 Cantius mckennai Gingerich & Simons, 1977 Cantius nuniensis Cope, 1881 Cantius ralstoni Matthew, 1915 Cantius savagei Gingerich, 1977 Cantius torresi Gingerich, 1986 Copelemur Gingerich & Simons, 1977 Copelemur australotutus Beard, 1988 Copelemur praetutus Gazin, 1962 Copelemur tutus Cope, 1877 Hesperolemur Gunnell, 1995 Hesperolemur actius Gunnell, 1995 Megaceralemur Robinson, 2016 Megaceralemur trigonodus (Matthew, 1915) Megaceralemur matthewi Robinson, 2016 Notharctus Leidy, 1870 Notharctus pugnax Granger & Gregory, 1917 Notharctus robustior Leidy, 1870 Notharctus tenebrosus Leidy, 1870 Notharctus venticolus Osborn, 1902 Pelycodus Cope, 1875 Pelycodus danielsae Froehlich & Lucas, 1991 Pelycodus jarrovii Cope, 1874 Pinolophus Robinson, 2016 Pinolophus meikei Robinson, 2016 Smilodectes Wortman, 1903 Smilodectes gingerichi Beard, 1988 Smilodectes gracilis Marsh, 1871 Smilodectes mcgrewi Gingerich, 1979 Cercamoniinae Gingerich, 1975 Agerinia Crusafont-Pairo & Golpe-Posse, 1973 Agerinia marandati Femenias-Gual, Minwer-Barakat, Marigó, Poyatos-Moré, and Moyà-Solà, 2017 Agerinia roselli Crusafont-Pairo & Golpe-Posse, 1973 Agerinia smithorum Femenias-Gual, Minwer-Barakat, Marigó, and Moyà-Solà, 2016 Anchomomys Stehlin, 1916 Anchomomys crocheti Godinot, 1988 Anchomomys gaillardi Stehlin, 1916 Anchomomys pygmaeus Rütimeyer, 1890 Anchomomys quercy Stehlin, 1916 Barnesia Thalmann, 1994 Barnesia hauboldi Thalmann, 1994 Buxella Godinot, 1988 Buxella magna Godinot, 1988 Buxella prisca Godinot, 1988 Donrussellia Szalay, 1976 Donrussellia gallica Russell, Louis & Savage, 1967 Donrussellia louisi Donrussellia magna Donrussellia provincialis Donrussellia russelli Mazateronodon Marigó, Minwer-Barakat, & Moyà-Solà, 2010 Mazateronodon endemicus Marigó, Minwer-Barakat, & Moyà-Solà, 2010 Panobius Russell & Gingerich, 1987 Panobius afridi Russell & Gingerich, 1987 Periconodon Stehlin, 1916 Periconodon helleri Schwartz et al., 1983 Periconodon helveticus Rütimeyer, 1891 Periconodon huerzeleri Gingerich, 1977 Periconodon jaegeri Godinot, 1988 Periconodon lemoinei Gingerich, 1977 Protoadapis Lemoine, 1878 Protoadapis angustidens Filhol, 1888 Protoadapis brachyrhynchus Stehlin, 1912 Protoadapis curvicuspidens Lemoine, 1878 Protoadapis ignoratus Thalmann, 1994 Protoadapis muechelnensis Thalmann, 1994 Protoadapis recticuspidens Lemoine, 1878 Protoadapis weigelti Gingerich, 1977 Pronycticebus Grandidier, 1904 Pronycticebus gaudryi Grandidier, 1904 Pronycticebus neglectus Thalmann et al., 1989 Asiadapidae Rose et al., 2009 Anthrasimias Bajpai et al., 2008 Anthrasimias gujaratensis Bajpai et al., 2008 Asiadapis Rose et al., 2007 Asiadapis cambayensis Rose et al., 2007 Asiadapis tapiensis Rose et al., 2018 Marcgodinotius Bajpai et al., 2005 Marcgodinotius indicus Bajpai et al., 2005 Adapidae Trouessart, 1879 Adapinae Trouesart, 1879 Adapis Cuvier, 1821 Adapis bruni Adapis collinsonae Hooker, 1986 Adapis parisiensis de Blainville, 1841 Adapis sudrei Gingerich, 1977 Cryptadapis Godinot, 1984 Cryptadapis laharpei Godinot, 1984 Cryptadapis tertius Godinot, 1984 Leptadapis Gervais, 1876 Leptadapis assolicus Leptadapis filholi Godinot & Couette, 2008 Leptadapis capellae Crusafont-Pairo, 1967 Leptadapis leenhardti Stehlin, 1912 Leptadapis magnus Filhol, 1874 Leptadapis ruetimeyeri Stehlin, 1912 Magnadapis Godinot & Couette, 2008 Magnadapis quercyi Godinot & Couette, 2008 Magnadapis fredi Godinot & Couette, 2008 Magnadapis laurenceae Godinot & Couette, 2008 Magnadapis intermedius Godinot & Couette, 2008 Microadapis Szalay, 1974 Microadapis lynnae Microadapis sciureus Stehlin, 1916 Palaeolemur Delfortrie, 1873 Palaeolemur betillei Delfortrie, 1873 Paradapis Tattersall & Schwartz 1983 Paradapis ruetimeyeri Stehlin 1912 Paradapis priscus Stehlin, 1916 Caenopithecinae Szalay & Delson 1979 Adapoides Beard et al., 1994 Adapoides troglodytes Beard et al., 1994 Afradapis Seiffert et al., 2009 Afradapis longicristatus Seiffert et al., 2009 Aframonius Simons et al., 1995 Aframonius diedes Simons et al., 1995 Caenopithecus Rütimeyer, 1862 Caenopithecus lemuroides Rütimeyer, 1862 Darwinius Franzen et al., 2009 Darwinius masillae Franzen et al., 2009 Europolemur Weigelt, 1933 Europolemur dunaifi Tattersall & Schwartz, 1983 Europolemur klatti Weigelt, 1933 Europolemur koenigswald Franzen, 1987 Godinotia Franzen, 2000 Godinotia neglecta Thalmann, Haubold & Martin, 1989 Mahgarita Wilson & Szalay, 1976 Mahgarita stevensi Wilson & Szalay, 1976 Masradapis Seiffert, Boyer, Fleagle, Gunnell, Heesy, Perry, Sallam, 2017 Masradapis tahai Seiffert, Boyer, Fleagle, Gunnell, Heesy, Perry, and Sallam, 2017 Mescalerolemur Kirk & Williams, 2011 Mescalerolemur horneri Kirk & Williams, 2011 Sivaladapidae Thomas & Verma, 1979 Ramadapis Gilbert, Patel, Singh, Campisano, Fleagle, Rust, and Patnaik, 2017 Ramadapis sahnii Gilbert, Patel, Singh, Campisano, Fleagle, Rust, and Patnaik, 2017 Sivaladapinae Thomas & Verma, 1979 Indraloris Lewis, 1933 Indraloris himalayensis Pilgrim, 1932 Indraloris kamlialensis Flynn and Morgan, 2005 Sinoadapis Wu & Pan, 1985 Sinoadapis carnosus Wu & Pan, 1985 Sivaladapis Gingerich & Sahni, 1979 Sivaladapis nagrii Prasad, 1970 Sivaladapis palaendicus Pilgrim, 1932 Hoanghoniinae Gingerich et al., 1994 Hoanghonius Zdansky, 1930 Hoanghonius stehlini Zdansky, 1930 Lushius Chow, 1961 Lushius qinlinensis Chow, 1961 Rencunius Gingerich et al., 1994 Rencunius zhoui Gingerich et al., 1994 Wailekia Ducrocq et al., 1995 Wailekia orientale Ducrocq et al., 1995 incertae sedis Guangxilemur Qi & Beard, 1998 Guangxilemur tongi Qi & Beard, 1998 Kyitchaungia Beard et al. 2007 Kyitchaungia takaii Beard et al. 2007 Laomaki Ni et al. 2016 Laomaki yunnanensis Ni et al. 2016 Paukkaungia Beard et al. 2007 Paukkaungia parva Beard et al. 2007 Siamoadapis Chaimanee et al., 2007 Siamoadapis maemohensis Chaimanee et al., 2007 Yunnanadapis Ni et al. 2016 Yunnanadapis folivorus Ni et al. 2016 Yunnanadapis imperator Ni et al. 2016
Infraorder Chiromyiformes Daubentoniidae Gray, 1863 Daubentonia É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1795 Daubentonia robusta Lamberton, 1934 Plesiopithecidae Simons and Rasmussen, 1994 Plesiopithecus Simons, 1992 Plesiopithecus teras Simons, 1992 Propottidae Butler, 1984 Propotto Simpson, 1967 Propotto leakeyi Simpson, 1967
Infraorder Lemuriformes
Basal stem group Lemuriformes Family Azibiidae Gingerich, 1976 Algeripithecus Godinot & Mahboubi, 1992 Algeripithecus minutus Godinot & Mahboubi, 1992 Azibius Sudre, 1975 Azibius trerki Sudre, 1975 Djebelemuridae Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992 unnamed ('Anchomomys') 'Anchomomys' milleri Simons, 1997 Djebelemur Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992 Djebelemur martinezi Hartenberger & Marandat, 1992 Namaia Pickford et al., 2008 Namaia bogenfelsi Pickford et al., 2008 Omanodon Gheerbrant et al., 1993 Omanodon minor Gheerbrant et al., 1993 Shizarodon Gheerbrant et al., 1993 Shizarodon dhofarensis Gheerbrant et al., 1993 Plesiopithecidae Simons and Rasmussen, 1994 Plesiopithecus Simons, 1992 Plesiopithecus teras Simons, 1992
Lemuroidea Subfossil lemurs:
Archaeolemuridae G. Grandier, 1905 Archaeolemur Filhol, 1895 Archaeolemur edwardsi Filhol, 1895 Archaeolemur majori Filhol, 1895 Hadropithecus Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899 Hadropithecus stenognathus Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899 Palaeopropithecidae Tattersall, 1973 Mesopropithecus Standing, 1905 Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion Simons et al., 1995 Mesopropithecus globiceps Lamberton, 1936 Mesopropithecus pithecoides Standing, 1905 Babakotia Godfrey et al., 1990 Babakotia radofilai Godfrey et al., 1990 Palaeopropithecus G. Grandidier, 1899 Palaeopropithecus ingens G. Grandidier, 1899 Palaeopropithecus kelyus Gommery et al., 2010 Palaeopropithecus maximus Standing, 1903 Archaeoindris Standing, 1909 Archaeoindris fontoynontii Standing, 1909 Megaladapidae Forsyth-Major, 1894 Megaladapis Forsyth-Major, 1894 Subgenus: Megaladapis Megaladapis (Megaladapis) grandidieri Standing, 1903 Megaladapis (Megaladapis) madagascariensis Forsyth-Major, 1894 Subgenus: Peloriadapis Megaladapis (Peloriadapis) edwardsi Grandidier, 1899 Lemuridae Gray, 1821 Pachylemur Lamberton, 1946 Pachylemur insignis Filhol, 1895 Pachylemur jullyi Lamberton, 1948
Lorisiformes Lorisidae Gray, 1821 Karanisia Seiffert et al., 2003 Karanisia clarki Seiffert et al., 2003 Mioeuoticus Leakey, 1962 Mioeuoticus bishopi Leakey, 1962 Mioeuoticus kichotoi Kunimatsu, Tsujikawa, Nakatsukasa, Shimizu, Ogihara, Kikuchi, Nakano, Takano, Morimoto, and Ishida, 2017 Mioeuoticus shipmani Phillips & Walker, 2000 Nycticeboides Jacobs, 1981 Nycticeboides simpsoni Jacobs, 1981 Galagidae Gray, 1825 Galago Geoffroy, 1796 Galago farafraensis Pickford, Wanas & Soliman, 2006 Galago howelli Wesselman, 1984 Galago sadimanensis Walker, 1987 Komba Simpson, 1967 Komba minor Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952 Komba robustus Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952 Komba winamensis McCrossin, 1992 Progalago MacInnes, 1943 Progalago dorae MacInnes, 1943 Progalago songhorensis Simpson, 1967 Saharagalago Seiffert et al., 2003 Saharagalago misrensis Seiffert et al., 2003 Wadilemur Simons, 1997 Wadilemur elegans Simons, 1997
Haplorhini Teilhardina Simpson, 1940 Teilhardina asiatica Ni et al., 2004 Teilhardina belgica (Teilhard de Chardin, 1927)
Tarsiiformes
Tarsiiformes, incertae sedis Altanius Dashzeveg & McKenna, 1977 Altanius orlovi Dashzeveg & McKenna, 1977 Altiatlasius Sigé et al., 1990 Altiatlasius koulchii Sigé et al., 1990
Archicebidae
Archicebus Ni et al., 2013 Archicebus achilles Ni et al., 2013
Omomyoidea Omomyidae Trouessart, 1879 Baataromomys Ni, Beard, Meng, Wang, and Gebo, 2007 Baataromomys ulaanus Ni, Beard, Meng, Wang, and Gebo, 2007 Kohatius Russell & Gingerich, 1980 Kohatius coppensi Russell & Gingerich, 1980 Microchoerinae Lydekker, 1887 Melaneremia Hooker, 2007 Melaneremia bryanti Hooker, 2007 Microchoerus Wood, 1846 Microchoerus creechbarrowensis Hooker, 1986 Microchoerus edwardsi Filhol, 1880 Microchoerus erinaceus Wood, 1846 Microchoerus hookeri Minwer-Barakat, Marigó, Femenias-Gual, Costeur, Esteban-Trivigno, and Moyà-Solà, 2017 Microchoerus ornatus Stehlin, 1916 Microchoerus wardi Hooker, 1986 Necrolemur Filhol, 1873 Necrolemur anadoni Minwer-Barakat, Marigó & Moyà-Solà, 2015 Necrolemur antiquus Filhol, 1873 Necrolemur zitteli Schlosser, 1887 Nannopithex Stehlin, 1916 Nannopithex filholi Chantre & Gaillard, 1897 Nannopithex humilidens Thalmann, 1994 Nannopithex quaylei Hooker, 1986 Nannopithex raabi Heller, 1930 Nannopithex zuccolae Godinot et al., 1992 Pseudoloris Stehlin, 1916 Pseudoloris crusafonti Louis & Sudre, 1975 Pseudoloris godinoti Köhler & Moyà-Solà, 1999 Pseudoloris isabenae Crusafont-Pairo, 1967 Pseudoloris parvulus Filhol, 1890 Anaptomorphinae Cope, 1883 Tribe: Anaptomorphini Anaptomorphus Cope, 1872 Anaptomorphus aemulus Cope, 1872 Anaptomorphus westi Szalay, 1976 Tetonius Matthew, 1915 Tetonius homunculus Cope, 1882 Tetonius matthewi Bown & Rose, 1987 Tetonius mckennai Bown & Rose, 1987 Absarokius Matthew, 1915 Absarokius abbotti Loomis, 1906 Absarokius australis Bown & Rose, 1987 Absarokius nocerai Robinson, 1966 Absarokius metoecus Bown & Rose, 1987 Absarokius witteri Morris, 1954 "Teilhardina" Simpson, 1940 Teilhardina brandti Gingerich, 1993 "Teilhardina" demissa Rose, 1995 "Teilhardina" gingerichi Rose, Chew, Dunn, Kraus, Fricke, and Zack, 2012 "Teilhardina" tenuicula Jepsen, 1930 Bownomomys Morse et al., 2018 Bownomomys americanus (Bown, 1976) Bownomomys crassidens )Bown & Rose, 1987) Anemorhysis Gazin, 1958 Anemorhysis natronensis Beard et al., 1992 Anemorhysis pattersoni Bown & Rose, 1984 Anemorhysis pearcei Gazin, 1962 Anemorhysis savagei Williams & Covert, 1994 Anemorhysis sublettensis Gazin, 1952 Anemorhysis wortmani Bown & Rose, 1984 Chlororhysis Gazin, 1958 Chlororhysis incomptus Bown & Rose, 1984 Chlororhysis knightensis Gazin, 1958 Pseudotetonius Bown, 1974 Pseudotetonius ambiguus Bown, 1974 Arapahovius Savage & Waters, 1978 Arapahovius advena Bown & Rose, 1991 Arapahovius gazini Savage & Waters, 1978 Aycrossia Bown, 1979 Aycrossia lovei Bown, 1979 Strigorhysis Bown, 1979 Strigorhysis bridgerensis Bown, 1979 Strigorhysis huerfanensis Bown & Rose, 1987 Strigorhysis rugosus Bown, 1979 Gazinius Bown, 1979 Gazinius amplus Bown, 1979 Gazinius bowni Gunnell, 1995 Tatmanius Bown & Rose, 1991 Tatmanius szalayi Bown & Rose, 1991 Tribe: Trogolemurini Trogolemur Matthew, 1909 Trogolemur amplior Beard et al., 1992 Trogolemur fragilis Beard et al., 1992 Trogolemur myodes Matthew, 1909 Sphacorhysis Gunnell, 1995 Sphacorhysis burntforkensis Gunnell, 1995 Walshina López-Torres, Silcox, and Holroyd, 2018 Walshina esmaraldensis López-Torres, Silcox, and Holroyd, 2018 Walshina mcgrewi (Robinson, 1968) Walshina shifrae (Krishtalka, 1978) Omomyinae Trouessart, 1879 Brontomomys Atwater and Kirk, 2018 Brontomomys cerutti Atwater and Kirk, 2018 Diablomomys Williams and Kirk, 2008 Diablomomys dalquesti Williams and Kirk, 2008 Ekwiiyemakius Atwater and Kirk, 2018 Ekwiiyemakius walshi Atwater and Kirk, 2018 Gunnelltarsius Atwater and Kirk, 2018 Gunnelltarsius randalli Atwater and Kirk, 2018 Tribe: Omomyiini Omomys Leidy, 1869 Omomys carteri Leidy, 1869 Omomys lloydi Gazin, 1958 Steinius Bown & Rose, 1984 Steinius annectens Bown & Rose, 1991 Steinius vespertinus Matthew, 1915 Chumashius Stock, 1933 Chumashius balchi Stock, 1933 Tribe: Washakiini Washakius Leidy, 1873 Washakius insignis Leidy, 1873 Washakius izetti Honey, 1990 Washakius laurae Simpson, 1959 Washakius woodringi Stock, 1938 Shoshonius Granger, 1910 Shoshonius bowni Honey, 1990 Shoshonius cooperi Granger, 1910 Dyseolemur Stock, 1934 Dyseolemur pacificus Stock, 1934 Loveina Simpson, 1940 Loveina minuta Loomis, 1906 Loveina wapitiensis Gunnell et al., 1992 Loveina zephyri Simpson, 1940 Tribe: Utahiini Utahia Gazin, 1958 Utahia carina Muldoon and Gunnell, 2002 Utahia kayi Gazin, 1958 Stockia Gazin, 1958 Stockia powayensis Gazin, 1958 Chipetaia Rasmussen, 1996 Chipetaia lamporea Rasmussen, 1996 Asiomomys Wang & Li, 1990 Asiomomys changbaicus Wang & Li, 1990 Tribe: Ourayiini Wyomomys Gunnell, 1995 Wyomomys bridgeri Gunnell, 1995 Ageitodendron Gunnell, 1995 Ageitodendron matthewi Gunnell, 1995 Ourayia Gazin, 1958 Ourayia hopsoni Robinson, 1968 Ourayia uintensis Osborn, 1895 Tribe: Macrotarsiini Macrotarsius Clark, 1941 Macrotarsius jepseni Robinson, 1968 Macrotarsius macrorhysis Beard et al., 1994 Macrotarsius montanus Clark, 1941 Macrotarsius roederi Kelly, 1990 Macrotarsius siegerti Robinson, 1968 Hemiacodon Marsh, 1872 Hemiacodon casamissus Beard et al., 1992 Hemiacodon gracilis Marsh, 1872 Yaquius Mason, 1990 Yaquius travisi Mason, 1990 Tribe: Uintaniini Uintanius Matthew, 1915 Uintanius ameghini Wortman, 1904 Uintanius rutherfurdi Robinson, 1966 Jemezius Beard, 1987 Jemezius szalayi Beard, 1987 Tribus: Rooneyini Rooneyia Wilson, 1966 Rooneyia viejaensis Wilson, 1966 Tarsiidae Gray, 1825 Hesperotarsius Zijlstra, Flynn, and Wessels, 2013 Hesperotarsius sindhensis Zijlstra, Flynn, and Wessels, 2013 Hesperotarsius thailandicus (Ginsburg & Mein, 1987) Oligotarsius Ni et al., 2016 Oligotarsius rarus Ni et al., 2016 Tarsius Storr, 1780 "Tarsius" eocaenus Beard et al., 1994 "Tarsius" sirindhornae Chaimanee et al., 2011 Xanthorhysis Beard, 1998 Xanthorhysis tabrumi Beard, 1998
Eosimiiformes
Afrotarsiidae Afrasia Chaimanee et al. 2012 Afrasia djijidae Chaimanee et al. 2012 Afrotarsius Simons & Bown, 1985 Afrotarsius chatrathi Simons & Bown, 1985 Afrotarsius libycus Jaeger et al., 2010
Eosimiidae Eosimias Beard et al., 1994 Eosimias centennicus Beard et al., 1996 Eosimias sinensis Beard et al., 1994 Bahinia Jaeger et al., 1999 Bahinia banyueae Li et al., 2016 Bahinia pondaungensis Jaeger et al., 1999 Phileosimias Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005 Phileosimias brahuiorum Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005 Phileosimias kamali Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005 Phenacopithecus Beard and Wang, 2004 Phenacopithecus krishtalkai Beard and Wang, 2004 Phenacopithecus xueshii Beard and Wang, 2004
Simiiformes
Simiiformes, incertae sedis Amphipithecidae Godinot, 1994 Pondaungia Pilgrim, 1927 Pondaungia cotteri Pilgrim, 1927 Amphipithecus Colbert, 1937 Amphipithecus mogaungensis Colbert, 1937 Krabia Chaimanee et al., 2013 Krabia minuta Chaimanee et al., 2013 Siamopithecus Chaimanee et al., 1997 Siamopithecus eocaenus Chaimanee et al., 1997 Proteopithecidae Simons, 1997 Proteopithecus Simons, 1989 Proteopithecus sylviae Simons, 1989 Serapia Simons, 1992 Serapia eocaena Simons, 1992 Parapithecidae Schlosser, 1911 Arsinoea Simons, 1992 Arsinoea kallimos Simons, 1992 Apidium Osborn, 1908 Apidium bowni Simons, 1995 Apidium moustafai Simons, 1962 Apidium phiomense Osborn, 1908 Parapithecus Schlosser, 1910 Parapithecus fraasi Schlosser, 1910 Parapithecus grangeri Simons, 1974 Qatrania Simons & Kay, 1983 Qatrania fleaglei Simons & Kay, 1988 Qatrania wingi Simons & kay, 1983 Biretia Bonis et al., 1988 Biretia piveteaui Bonis et al., 1988 Biretia fayumensis Seiffert et al., 2005 Biretia megalopsis Seiffert et al., 2005
Platyrrhini Platyrrhini, incertae sedis Branisella Hoffstetter, 1969 Branisella boliviana Hoffstetter, 1969 Atelidae Gray, 1825 Pitheciinae Mivart, 1865 Tribus: Callicebini Xenothrix Williams & Koopman, 1952 Xenothrix mcgregori Williams & Koopman, 1952 Antillothrix MacPhee et al., 1995 Antillothrix bernensis Rímoli, 1977 Paralouatta Rivero & Arredondo, 1991 Paralouatta varonai Rivero & Arredondo, 1991 Paralouatta marianae Tribus: Pitheciini Soriacebus Fleagle et al., 1987 Soriacebus adrianae Fleagle, 1990 Soriacebus ameghinorum Fleagle et al., 1987 Proteropithecia Kay et al., 1999 Proteropithecia neuquenensis Kay et al., 1998 Cebupithecia Stirton & Savage, 1951 Cebupithecia sarmientoi Stirton & Savage, 1951 Nuciruptor Meldrum & Kay, 1997 Nuciruptor rubricae Meldrum & Kay, 1997 Tribus: Homunculini Homunculus Ameghino, 1891 Homunculus patagonicus Ameghino, 1891 Carlocebus Fleagle, 1990 Carlocebus carmenensis Fleagle, 1990 Carlocebus intermedius Fleagle, 1990 Atelinae Gray, 1825 Tribus: Alouattini Stirtonia Hershkovitz, 1970 Stirtonia tatacoensis Stirton, 1951 Stirtonia victoriae Kay et al., 1987 Tribus: Atelini Caipora Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996 Caipora bambuiorum Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996 Atelinae, incertae sedis Protopithecus Lund, 1838 Protopithecus brasiliensis Lund, 1838 Cebidae Bonaparte, 1831 Cebinae Bonaparte, 1831 Tribus: Saimiriini Neosaimiri Stirton, 1951 Neosaimiri fieldsi Stirton, 1951 Laventiana Rosenberger et al., 1991 Laventiana annectens Rosenberger et al., 1991 Dolichocebus Kraglievich, 1951 Dolichocebus gaimanensis Kraglievich, 1951 Cebinae, incertae sedis Chilecebus Flynn & al, 1995 Chilecebus carrascoensis Flynn & al, 1995 Killikaike Tejedor et al., 2006 Killikaike blakei Tejedor et al., 2006 Aotinae Elliot, 1913 Aotus Illiger, 1811 Aotus dindensis Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1987 Aotinae, incertae sedis Tremacebus Hershkovitz, 1974 Tremacebus harringtoni Rusconi, 1933 Callitrichinae Thomas, 1903 Tribus: Callimiconi Mohanamico Luchterhand et al., 1986 Mohanamico hershkovitzi Luchterhand et al., 1986 Callitrichinae, incertae sedis Patasola Kay & Meldrum, 1997 Patasola magdalenae Kay & Meldrum, 1997 Lagonimico Kay, 1994 Lagonimico conclutatus Kay, 1994 Micodon Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1985 Micodon kiotensis Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1985
Catarrhini
Catarrhini, incertae sedis Limnopithecus Hopwood, 1933 Limnopithecus evansi MacInnes, 1943 Limnopithecus legetet Hopwood, 1933 Kalepithecus Harrison, 1988 Kalepithecus songhorensis Andrews, 1978 Kalepithecus kogolensis Pickford et al., 2017 Kamoyapithecus Leakey et al., 1995 Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni Madden, 1980 Kogolepithecus Pickford et al., 2003 Kogolepithecus morotoensis Pickford et al., 2003
Propliothecoidea Oligopithecidae Kay & Williams, 1994 Catopithecus Simons, 1989 Catopithecus browni Simons, 1989 Oligopithecus Simons, 1962 Oligopithecus rogeri Gheerbrant et al., 1995 Oligopithecus savagei Simons, 1962 Talahpithecus Jaeger et al., 2010 Talahpithecus parvus Jaeger et al., 2010 Propliopithecidae Straus, 1961 Moeripithecus Schlosser, 1910 Moeripithecus markgrafi Schlosser, 1910 Propliopithecus Schlosser, 1910 Propliopithecus ankeli Simons et al., 1987 Propliopithecus chirobates Simons, 1965 Propliopithecus haeckeli Schlosser, 1910 Aegyptopithecus Simons, 1965 Aegyptopithecus zeuxis Simons, 1965
Pliopithecoidea Pliopithecidae Zapfe, 1960 Lomorupithecus Rossie and MacLatchy, 2006 Lomorupithecus harrisoni Rossie and MacLatchy, 2006 Dionysopithecinae Dionysopithecus Li, 1978 Dionysopithecus orientalis Suteethorn et al., 1990 Dionysopithecus shuangouensis Li, 1978 Platodontopithecus Li, 1978 Platodontopithecus jianghuaiensis Li, 1978 Pliopitheciinae Epipliopithecus Zapfe & Hurzeler, 1957 Epipliopithecus vindobonensis Zapfe & Hurzeler, 1957 Pliopithecus Gervais, 1849 Pliopithecus antiquus Gervais, 1849 Pliopithecus piveteaui Hürzeler, 1954 Pliopithecus platyodon Bidermann, 1863 Pliopithecus zhanxiangi Harrison et al., 1991 Egarapithecus Moyà-Solà et al., 2001 Egarapithecus narcisoi Moyà-Solà et al., 2001 Crouzeliinae Ginsburg & Mein, 1980 Plesiopliopithecus Zapfe, 1961 Plesiopliopithecus auscitanensis Bergounioux & Crouzel, 1965 Plesiopliopithecus lockeri Zapfe, 1961 Plesiopliopithecus priensis Welcomme et al., 1991 Plesiopliopithecus rhodanica Ginsburg & Mein, 1980 Anapithecus Kretzoi, 1975 Anapithecus hernyaki Kretzoi, 1975 Laccopithecus Wu & Pan, 1984 Laccopithecus robustus Wu & Pan, 1984 Pliopithecoidea, incertae sedis Paidopithex Pohlig, 1895 Paidopithex rhenanus Pohlig, 1895
Dendropithecoidea Dendropithecidae Harrison, 2002 Dendropithecus Andrews & Simons, 1977 Dendropithecus macinnesi Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950 Dendropithecus ugandensis Pickford et al., 2010 Micropithecus Fleagle & Simons, 1978 Micropithecus clarki Fleagle & Simons, 1978 Micropithecus leakeyorum Harrison, 1989 Simiolus Leakey & Leakey, 1987 Simiolus andrewsi Harrison, 2010 Simiolus cheptumoae Pickford & Kunimatsu, 2005 Simiolus enjiessi Leakey & Leakey, 1987 Simiolus minutus Rossie & Hill, 2018
Saadanioidea Saadaniidae Zalmout et al., 2010 Saadanius Zalmout et al., 2010 Saadanius hijazensis Zalmout et al. 2010
Cercopithecoidea Nsungwepithecus Stevens et al., 2013 Nsungwepithecus gunnelli Stevens et al., 2013 Victoriapithecidae von Koenigswald, 1969 Victoriapithecus von Koenigswald, 1969 Victoriapithecus macinnesi von Koenigswald, 1969 Prohylobates Fourtau, 1918 Prohylobates tandyi Fourtau, 1918 Prohylobates simonsi Delson, 1979 Noropithecus Miller et al. 2009 Noropithecus bulukensis Miller et al. 2009 Cercopithecidae Gray, 1821 Colobinae Jernon, 1867 Tribus: Colobini Microcolobus Benefit & Pickford, 1986 Microcolobus tugenensis Benefit & Pickford, 1986 Rhinocolobus M.G. Leakey, 1982 Rhinocolobus turkanaensis M.G. Leakey, 1982 Colobinae, incertae sedis Mesopithecus Wagner, 1839 Mesopithecus pentelicus Wagner, 1839 Mesopithecus monspessulanus Gervais, 1849 Mesopithecus sivalensis (Lydekker, 1878) Myanmarcolobus Takai et al., 2015 Myanmarcolobus yawensis Takai et al., 2015 Rhinopithecus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 Subgenus: Rhinopithecus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 Rhinopithecus (Rhinopithecus) lantianensis Hu & Qi, 1978 Dolichopithecus Depéret, 1889 Dolichopithecus ruscinensis Depéret, 1889 Libypithecus Stromer, 1913 Libypithecus markgrafi Stromer, 1913 Semnopithecus Desmarest, 1822 Semnopithecus gwebinnensis Takai et al., 2016 Parapresbytis Kalmykov & Maschenko, 1992 Parapresbytis eohanuman (Borissoglebskaya, 1981) Cercopithecoides Mollett, 1947 Cercopithecoides kimeui M.G. Leakey, 1982 Cercopithecoides williamsi Mollett, 1947 Paracolobus R.E.F. Leakey, 1969 Paracolobus chemeroni R.E.F. Leakey, 1969 Paracolobus mutiwa M.G. Leakey, 1969 Cercopithecinae Gray, 1821 Tribus: Papionini Subtribus: Macanina Macaca Lacépède, 1799 Macaca anderssoni Schlosser, 1924 Macaca florentina Cocchi, 1872 Macaca jiangchuanensis Pan et al., 1992 Macaca libyca Stromer, 1920 Macaca majori Schaub & Azzaroli in Comaschi Caria, 1969 (sometimes included in M. sylvanus) ?Macaca palaeindicus (Lydekker, 1884) Procynocephalus Schlosser, 1924 Procynocephalus subhimalayanus von Meyer, 1848 Procynocephalus wimani Schlosser, 1924 Paradolichopithecus Necrasov et al., 1961 Paradolichopithecus arvernensis (Depéret, 1929) Subtribus: Papionina Parapapio Jones, 1937 Parapapio ado Hopwood, 1936 Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937 Parapapio jonesi Broom, 1940 Parapapio whitei Broom, 1940 Parapapio lothagamensis Leakey, Teaford, and Ward, 2003 Procercocebus Gilbert, 2007 Procercocebus antiquus (Haughton, 1925) Dinopithecus Broom, 1937 Dinopithecus ingens Broom, 1937 Gorgopithecus Broom & Robinson, 1946 Gorgopithecus major Broom, 1940 Theropithecus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1843 Subgenus: Theropithecus Delson, 1993 Theropithecus (Theropithecus) darti Broom & Jensen, 1946 Theropithecus (Theropithecus) oswaldi Andrews, 1916 Subgenus: Omopithecus Delson, 1993 Theropithecus (Omopithecus) baringensis R.E.F. Leakey, 1969 Theropithecus (Omopithecus) brumpti Arambourg, 1947 Soromandrillus Gilbert, 2013 Soromandrillus quadratirostris (Iwamoto, 1982) Papio Erxleben, 1777 Papio izodi Gear, 1926 Papio robinsoni Freedman, 1957
Hominoidea Hominoidea, incertae sedis Otavipithecus Conroy et al., 1992 Otavipithecus namibiensis Conroy et al., 1992
Proconsulidae Leakey, 1963 Proconsulinae Leakey, 1963 Ekembo McNulty et al., 2015 Ekembo heseloni (Walker et al., 1993) Ekembo nyanzae (Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950) Proconsul Hopwood, 1933 Proconsul africanus Hopwood, 1933 Proconsul gitongai (Pickford and Kunimatsu, 2005) Proconsul major Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950 Proconsul meswae Harrison and Andrews, 2009 Nyanzapithecinae Harrison, 2002 Nyanzapithecus Harrison, 1986 Nyanzapithecus alesi Nengo, Tafforeau, Gilbert, Fleagle, Miller, Feibel, Fox, Feinberg, Pugh, Berruyer, Mana, Engle, Spoor, 2017 Nyanzapithecus harrisoni Kunimatsu, 1997 Nyanzapithecus pickfordi Harrison, 1986 Nyanzapithecus vancouveringorum Andrews, 1974 Mabokopithecus von Koenigswald, 1969 Mabokopithecus clarki von Koenigswald, 1969 Oreopithecus Gervais, 1872 Oreopithecus bamboli Gervais, 1872 Rukwapithecus Stevens et al., 2013 Rukwapithecus fleaglei Stevens et al., 2013 Rangwapithecus Andrews, 1974 Rangwapithecus gordoni Andrews, 1974 Turkanapithecus Leakey & Leakey, 1986 Turkanapithecus kalakolensis Leakey & Leakey, 1986
Pliobatidae Alba et al., 2015 Pliobates Alba et al., 2015 Pliobates cataloniae Alba et al., 2015 Afropithecidae Begun, 2002 Griphopithecinae Begun, 2002 Griphopithecus Abel, 1902 Griphopithecus alpani Tekkaya, 1974 Griphopithecus suessi Abel, 1902 Afropithecinae Andrews, 1992 Afropithecus Leakey & Leakey, 1986 Afropithecus turkanensis Leakey & Leakey, 1986 Heliopithecus Andrews & Martin, 1987 Heliopithecus leakeyi Andrews & Martin, 1987 Nacholapithecus Ishida et al., 1999 Nacholapithecus kerioi Ishida et al., 1999 Equatorius Ward et al., 1999 Equatorius africanus (Le Gros Clark and Leaky, 1950) Hominidae Gray, 1825 Kenyapithecinae Leakey, 1962 Kenyapithecus Leakey, 1962 Kenyapithecus wickeri Leakey, 1962 Ponginae Elliot, 1913 Sivapithecini Sivapithecus Pilgrim, 1910 Sivapithecus indicus Pilgrim, 1910 Sivapithecus parvada Kelley, 1988 Sivapithecus sivalensis Lydekker, 1879 Gigantopithecus von Koenigswald, 1935 Gigantopithecus blacki von Koenigswald, 1935 Gigantopithecus giganteus Pilgrim, 1915 Ankarapithecus Ozansoy, 1965 Ankarapithecus meteai Ozansoy, 1965 Lufengpithecini Lufengpithecus Wu, 1987 Lufengpithecus chiangmuanensis Chaimanee et al., 2003 Lufengpithecus hudiensis Zhang et al., 1987 Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis Woo, 1957 Lufengpithecus lufengensis Xu et al., 1978 Homininae Gray, 1825 Dryopithecini Gregory & Hellman, 1939 Ouranopithecus Bonis & Melentis, 1977 Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Bonis & Melentis, 1977 Rudapithecus Kretzoi, 1969 Rudapithecus hungaricus Kretzoi, 1969 Hispanopithecus Villalta & Crusafont, 1944 Hispanopithecus laietanus Villalta & Crusafont, 1944 Hispanopithecus crusafonti (Begun, 1992) Pierolapithecus Moyà-Solà, 2004 Pierolapithecus catalaunicus Moyà-Solà, 2004 Anoiapithecus Moyà-Solà et al., 2009 Anoiapithecus brevirostris Moyà-Solà et al., 2009 Dryopithecus Lartet, 1856 Dryopithecus wuduensis Xue & Delson, 1988 Dryopithecus fontani Lartet, 1856 Nakalipithecus Kunimatsu et al. 2007 Nakalipthecus nakayamai Kunimatsu et al. 2007 Neopithecus Abel, 1902 Neopithecus brancoi (Schlosser, 1901) Gorillini Samburupithecus Ishida & Pickford, 1997 Samburupithecus kiptalami Ishida & Pickford, 1997 Chororapithecus Suwa et al., 2007 Chororapithecus abyssinicus Suwa et al., 2007 Hominini Graecopithecus von Koenigswald, 1972 Graecopithecus freybergi von Koenigswald, 1972 Sahelanthropus Brunet et al., 2002 Sahelanthropus tchadensis Brunet et al., 2002 Orrorin Senut et al., 2001 Orrorin tugenensis Senut et al., 2001 Ardipithecus White et al., 1995 Ardipithecus ramidus White et al., 1994 Ardipithecus kadabba Australopithecus Dart, 1925 - paraphyletic in respect to Paranthropus and Homo Australopithecus anamensis Leakey et al., 1995 Australopithecus afarensis Johanson et al., 1978 Australopithecus bahrelghazali Brunet et al., 1995 Australopithecus africanus Dart, 1925 Australopithecus garhi Asfaw et al., 1999 Australopithecus sedibaBerger et al., 2010 Paranthropus Broom, 1938 Paranthropus aethiopicus Arambourg & Coppens, 1968 Paranthropus boisei Leakey, 1959 Paranthropus robustus Broom, 1938 Homo Linnaeus, 1758 Homo gautengensis Curnoe, 2010 Homo rudolfensis Alexeev, 1986 Homo habilis Leakey et al., 1964 Homo luzonensis Détroit et al., 2019 Homo erectus Dubois, 1892 Homo floresiensis P. Brown et al., 2004 Homo ergaster Groves & Mazak, 1975 Homo antecessor Bermúdez de Castro et al., 1997 Homo heidelbergensis Schoetensack, 1908 Homo cepranensis Mallegni et al., 2003 Homo neanderthalensis King, 1864 Homo rhodesiensis Woodward, 1921 Homo naledi Berger et al., 2015 Kenyanthropus Leakey et al., 2001 Kenyanthropus platyops Leakey et al., 2001
See also Evolution of primates List of fossil primates of South America List of fossil sites List of human evolution fossils List of prehistoric mammals Prehistoric Autopsy (2012 BBC documentary)
Notes
References
Literature cited Cartmill, M. (2010). "Primate Classification and Diversity". In Platt, M.; Ghazanfar, A (eds.). Primate Neuroethology. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–30. ISBN 978-0-19-532659-8. Hartwig, W. (2011). "Chapter 3: Primate evolution". In Campbell, C. J.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K. C.; Bearder, S. K.; Stumpf, R. M (eds.). Primates in Perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 19–31. ISBN 978-0-19-539043-8. Szalay, F.S.; Delson, E. (1980). Evolutionary History of the Primates. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0126801507. OCLC 893740473.
Further reading Weiss, M.L.; Mann, A.E (1985). 'Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective (4th ed.). Boston: Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-673-39013-4. Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David R, eds. (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46786-5. Hartwig, Walter Carl (2002). Hartwig, Walter (ed.). The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press. p. 544. Bibcode:2002prfr.book.....H. ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2.
External links Interactive map of fossil finds Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine "National Museums of Kenya: Casts Catalogue". National Museums of Kenya. Retrieved 2010-05-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) (note: the catalogue loads with pages in reverse order - i.e. last page first)