This is a list of all crewed spaceflights throughout history. Beginning in 1961 with the flight of Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1, crewed spaceflight occurs when a human crew flies a spacecraft into outer space. Human spaceflight is distinguished from spaceflight generally, which entails both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft. There are two definitions of spaceflight. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), an international record-keeping body, defines the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space at 100 kilometres (62 mi) above sea level. This boundary is known as the Kármán line. The United States awards astronaut wings to qualified personnel who pilot a spaceflight above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km). As of the launch of Soyuz MS-29 on 14 July 2026, there have been 415 human spaceflights.
Three of these were launched without crew but returned crew to Earth after damage to the crew's original vehicle. These were Soyuz 34, Soyuz MS-23 and Shenzhou 22. Two missions did not cross either the Kármán line or the U.S. definition of space and therefore do not qualify as spaceflights. These were the fatal STS-51-L (Challenger disaster), and the non-fatal aborted Soyuz mission T-10a. Two non-fatal aborted missions crossed either the Kármán line or the U.S. definition of space. One was the Soyuz mission MS-10, which did not reach the Kármán line but did pass the 80 km (50 mi) line. The other was the Soyuz mission 18a, which crossed the Kármán line. Four missions successfully achieved human spaceflight, yet ended as fatal failures as their crews died during the return. These were Soyuz 1, X-15 flight 191, Soyuz 11, and STS-107 (Columbia disaster). Twenty four flights in total reached an apogee beyond 80 kilometres (50 mi), but failed to go beyond 100 kilometres (62 mi), so therefore do not qualify as spaceflights under the FAI definition.
Summary Since 1961, three countries (China, Russia, and the United States) and one former country (Soviet Union) have conducted human spaceflight using seventeen different spacecraft series, or: "programs", "projects".
Human spaceflights The Salyut series, Skylab, Mir, ISS, and Tiangong series space stations, with which many of these flights docked in orbit, are not listed separately here. See the detailed lists (links below) for information.
Missions which were intended to reach space but which failed to do so are listed in bold. Missions with a maximum altitude between 50 miles (80.45 km) and 100 kilometers (62 mi), which satisfy the US Military definition of space (50 mi), but not the internationally recognized FAI and NASA definition of the Kármán Line (100 km), are listed in italics. Fatal missions are marked with a dagger (†) symbol.
Timeline
List by decades
See also List of human spaceflight programs Human presence in space List of Asian astronauts
Notes
External links Spacefacts Compare with the present article. The Spacefacts list includes most flights listed here, but omits twelve: The three failed launches of STS-51-L, Soyuz T-10a and Soyuz MS-10, none of which achieved human spaceflight, the uncrewed launch of Soyuz 34 (which nevertheless returned a crew to Earth), and the eight sub-orbital human spaceflights: Mercury-Redstone 3 and 4, X-15 flights 90 and 91, SpaceShipOne flights 15P, 16P and 17P, and Soyuz 18a. Astronautix Similarly, see the list for "Manned Spaceflight" given at Astronautix, which includes other related categories.
References
Vostok and Voskhod flight history Archived 2021-12-14 at the Wayback Machine Mercury flight history X-15 flight history (altitudes given in feet) Gemini flight history Apollo flight history (student resource) Skylab flight history Apollo-Soyuz flight history Space Shuttle flight history infographic Shenzhou flight history timeline SpaceShipOne flight history
