science

List of investigational long COVID drugs

List of investigational long COVID drugs is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of investigational long COVID drugs rather than just read about it. In short: This is a list of investigational long COVID drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use for the treatment of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID) but are not yet approved. Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses.

Key takeaways

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Reference excerpt

This is a list of investigational long COVID drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use for the treatment of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID) but are not yet approved. Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses. The format of list items is "Name (Synonyms) – Mechanism of Action [Reference]". This list was last comprehensively updated in September 2025. It is likely to become outdated with time.

Under development

Phase 2/3 Ibudilast (AV-411; Eyevinal; Ibinal; KC-404; Ketas; MN-166; Pinatos) – phosphodiesterase PDE4 inhibitor and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist [1] Sodium pyruvate (EmphyClear; N115) – various actions [2]

Phase 2 AER-002 – monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein [3] Allogeneic human umbilical cord blood haematopoietic progenitor cell therapy (Regenecyte; HPC-cord blood) – cell replacement [4] Bezisterim (HE-3286; NE-3107; Triolex; 17α-ethynyl-5-androstene-3β,7β,17β-triol) – undefined mechanism of action (synthetic androstenetriol analogue and anti-inflammatory) [5] Celecoxib/valacyclovir (IMC-2) – combination of celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor/NSAID) and valacyclovir (antiviral/viral DNA polymerase inhibitor) [6] Cyclobenzaprine (KRL-102; TNX-102; Tonmya) – tricyclic antidepressant (monoamine reuptake inhibitor and monoamine receptor modulator) [7] Leronlimab (PA-14; PRO-140; Vyrologix) – monoclonal antibody against CCR5 [8] Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept (ALT-803; Anktiva; IL-15N72D/IL-15Ra-Fc; N-803; VesAnktiva) – fusion protein and interleukin-15 receptor agonist [9] Rintatolimod (AMP-516; AMP-518; Ampligen; Atvogen; Rintamod; PolyI:PolyC12U) – mismatched double-stranded polymer of RNA (dsRNA) and toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist [10] Rovunaptabin (BC-007) – oligonucleotide aptamer (binds to and neutralizes autoantibodies against GPCRs) [11] RSLV-132 – fusion protein (RNase fused to the Fc domain of IgG1) [12] Sipavibart (AZD-3152; Kavigale) – monoclonal antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein [13] Temelimab (GENHP-01; GNbAC-1; GNN-001) – monoclonal antibody against human endogenous retrovirus-W (HERV-W) and consequent toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor [14] Vidofludimus calcium (4SC-101; IM-90838; IMU-838; SC-12267; VidoCa) – dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor and Nurr1 activator [15]

Preclinical Foralumab (NI-0401; NI-0401/α-CD3; TZLS-401) – monoclonal antibody against CD3 [16] LTI-2355 – phagocyte modulator [17] Maraviroc/atorvastatin – combination of maraviroc (antiviral/CCR5 receptor antagonist) and atorvastatin (statin) [18]

Research SFA-006 – GPR43 modulator [19]

Clinical phase unknown Ensitrelvir (S-217622; Xocova) – antiviral (coronavirus 3C-like proteinase inhibitor) [20] Lidocaine delivered in complex with HP-β-cyclodextrin; investigated for long COVID following a 36-week prospective observational interrupted time-series study reporting symptom improvement [21]

Not under development

Discontinued AXA-1125 (AXA1125) – combination of five amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine, arginine, and glutamine) and an amino acid derivative (N-acetylcysteine) ("increases β-oxidation and improves bioenergetics") [22] Deupirfenidone (deuterated pirfenidone; LYT-100; LYT-100-COV; LYT-100-ILD; LYT-100-LYMPH; SD-560) – deuterated pirfenidone (collagen inhibitor and anti-inflammatory/immunomodulator) [23] DMI-9523 (Ampion; DA-DKP; LMWF-5A) – nuclear factor NF-κB activation inhibitor and anti-inflammatory [24]

Clinically used drugs

Approved drugs None

Off-label drugs α2-Adrenergic receptor agonists (e.g., clonidine, guanfacine) AMPA receptor antagonists (e.g., perampanel) Analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen, NSAIDs) Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, mirtazapine, bupropion, trazodone, vortioxetine, St. John's wort) Antihistamines (H1 receptor antagonists) (e.g., cetirizine, fexofenadine, loratadine) Antivirals (e.g., lopinavir/ritonavir, acyclovir, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, risperidone, brexpiprazole, quetiapine) Beta blockers (e.g., propranolol, metoprolol) C1 esterase inhibitor (recombinant) Corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone, dexamethasone) Fluvoxamine (Luvox) Histamine H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., famotidine) Immunoglobulin (intravenous) Melatonin Monoclonal antibodies (e.g., adalimumab, infliximab) N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) Naltrexone (low-dose) Probiotics and prebiotics Serotonergic psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin) Sleep aids (e.g., orexin receptor antagonists, benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, melatonin, herbal sleep aids) Stimulants (e.g., amphetamine, methylphenidate) Vitamins, minerals, and other dietary supplements (e.g., coenzyme Q10, selenium, B vitamins, vitamin D, iron, omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, carnitine) Wakefulness-promoting agents (e.g., modafinil, armodafinil)

See also List of investigational drugs List of investigational ME/CFS drugs List of investigational fibromyalgia drugs List of investigational fatigue drugs List of investigational orthostatic intolerance drugs

References

External links AdisInsight - Springer

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of investigational long COVID drugs

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of investigational long COVID drugs claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of investigational long COVID drugs before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of investigational long COVID drugs ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of investigational long COVID drugs

In research: List of investigational long COVID drugs appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of investigational long COVID drugs in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of investigational long COVID drugs is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Lists of investigational drugs, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of investigational long COVID drugs outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

What is List of investigational long COVID drugs in simple terms?

Why does List of investigational long COVID drugs matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

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Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

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