biology

List of living brachiopod species

List of living brachiopod species is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of living brachiopod species rather than just read about it. In short: The following is a taxonomy of extant (living) Brachiopoda by Emig, Bitner & Álvarez (2019). There are over 400 living species and over 120 living genera of brachiopods classified within 3 classes and 5 orders, listed below.

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Reference excerpt

The following is a taxonomy of extant (living) Brachiopoda by Emig, Bitner & Álvarez (2019). There are over 400 living species and over 120 living genera of brachiopods classified within 3 classes and 5 orders, listed below. Extinct groups are not listed.

Major groups Phylum Brachiopoda Duméril, 1806

Subphylum Linguliformea Williams, Carlson, Brunton, Holmer et Popov, 1996 Class Lingulata Gorjansky et Popov, 1985 Order Lingulida Waagen, 1885 Subphylum Craniiformea Popov, Basset, Holmer et Laurie, 1993 Class Craniata Williams, Carlson, Brunton, Holmer et Popov, 1996 Order Craniida Waagen, 1885 Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea Williams, Carlson, Brunton, Holmer et Popov, 1996 Class Rhynchonellata Williams, Carlson, Brunton, Holmer et Popov, 1996 Order Rhynchonellida Kuhn, 1949 Order Thecideida Elliot, 1958 Order Terebratulida Waagen, 1883 Suborder Terebratulidina Waagen, 1883 Suborder Terebratellidina Muir-Wood, 1955

Order Lingulida Subphylum Linguliformea Williams, Carlson, Brunton, Holmer et Popov, 1996, Class Lingulata Gorjansky et Popov, 1985

Order Lingulida Waagen, 1885 Superfamily Linguloidea Menke, 1828 Family Lingulidae Menke, 1828 Genus Lingula Bruguière, 1791 Lingula rostrum (Shaw, 1798) Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801 Lingula tumidula Reeve, 1841 Lingula parva Smith, 1871 Lingula adamsi Dall, 1873 Lingula reevei Davidson, 1880 Lingula translucida Dall, 1920 Genus Glottidia Dall, 1870 Glottidia semen (Broderip, 1833) Glottidia audebarti (Broderip, 1833) Glottidia albida (Hinds, 1844) Glottidia pyramidata (Stimpson, 1860) Glottidia palmeri Dall, 1871 Superfamily Discinoidea Gray, 1840 Family Discinidae Gray, 1840 Genus Pelagodiscus Dall, 1908 Pelagodiscus atlanticus (King, 1868) Genus Discina Lamarck, 1819 Discina striata (Schumacher, 1817) Genus Discinisca Dall, 1871 Discinisca laevis (Sowerby, 1822) Discinisca lamellosa (Broderip, 1834) Discinisca tenuis (Sowerby, 1847) Discinisca rikuzenensis (Hatai, 1940) Discinisca lamellosa sensu d'Hondt, 1976 Genus Discradisca Stenzel, 1964 Discradisca cumingii (Broderip, 1833) Discradisca strigata (Broderip, 1834) Discradisca antillarum (d'Orbigny, 1846) Discradisca stella (Gould, 1862) Discradisca sparselineata (Dall, 1920) Discradisca indica (Dall, 1920)

Order Craniida Subphylum Craniiformea Popov, Basset, Holmer et Laurie, 1993, Class Craniata Williams, Carlson, Brunton, Holmer et Popov, 1996

Order Craniida Waagen, 1885 Superfamily Cranioidea Menke, 1828 Family Craniidae Menke, 1828 Genus Novocrania Lee et Brunton, 2001 Novocrania anomala (Müller, 1776) Novocrania turbinata (poli, 1795) Novocrania lecointei (Joubin, 1901) Novocrania huttoni (Thomson, 1916) Novocrania philippinensis (Dall, 1920) Novocrania chathamensis? (Allan, 1940) Novocrania roseoradiata (Jackson, 1952) Novocrania indonesiensis (Zezina, 1981) Novocrania altivertex Zezina, 1990 Genus Valdiviathyris Helmcke, 1940 Valdiviathyris quenstedti Helmcke, 1940 Genus Neoancistrocrania Laurin, 1992 Neoancistrocrania norfolki Laurin, 1992

Order Rhynchonellida Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea Williams, Carlson, Brunton, Holmer et Popov, 1996, Class Rhynchonellata Williams, Carlson, Brunton, Holmer et Popov, 1996

Order Rhynchonellida Kuhn, 1949 Superfamily Pugnacoidea Rzhonsnitskaia, 1956 Family Basiliolidae Cooper, 1959 Subfamily Acanthobasiliolinae Zezina, 1981 Genus Acanthobasiliola Zezina, 1981 Acanthobasiliola doederleini (Davidson, 1886) Subfamily Basiliolinae Cooper, 1959 Genus Rhytirhynchia Cooper, 1957 Rhytirhynchia sladeni (Dall, 1910) Genus Basiliolella d'Hondt, 1987 Basiliolella grayi (Woodward, 1855) Basiliolella colurnus (Hedley, 1905) Genus Basiliola Dall, 1908 Basiliola beecheri (Dall, 1895) Basiliola lucida (Gould, 1862) Basiliola pompholyx Dall, 1920 Basiliola elongata Cooper, 1959 Basiliola arnaudi Cooper, 1981 Subfamily Uncertain Genus Striarina Cooper 1973 Striarina valdiviae (Helmcke, 1940) Superfamily Dimerelloidea Buckman, 1912 Family Cryptoporidae Muir-Wood, 1955 Genus Cryptopora Jeffreys 1869 Cryptopora gnomon Jeffreys, 1869 Cryptopora boettgeri Helmcke, 1940 Cryptopora rectimarginata Cooper, 1959 Cryptopora maldiviensis Muir-Wood, 1959 Cryptopora curiosa Cooper, 1973 Cryptopora hesperis Cooper, 1982 Cryptopora norfolkensis Bitner, 2009 Genus Aulites Richardson 1987 Aulites brazieri (Crane, 1886) Aulites crosnieri Bitner, 2009 Superfamily Norelloidea Ager, 1959 Family Frieleiidae Cooper, 1959 Subfamily Freileiinae Cooper, 1959 Genus Grammetaria Cooper, 1959 Grammetaria bartschi (Dall, 1920) Grammetaria africana Hiller, 1986 Grammetaria minuta Zezina, 1994 Genus Frieleia Dall 1895 Frieleia halli Dall, 1895 Frieleia pellucida (Yabe et Hatai, 1934) Genus Compsothyris Jackson, 1918 Compsothyris racovitzae (Joubin, 1901) Compsothyris ballenyi Foster, 1974 Subfamily Hispanirhynchiinae Cooper, 1959 Genus Parasphenarina Motchurova-Dekova, Saito et Endo, 2002 Parasphenarina cavernicola Motchuro-Dekova, Saito et Endo, 2002 Parasphenarina ezogremena (Zezina, 1981) Genus Manithyris Foster, 1974 Manithyris rossi Foster, 1974 Genus Hispanirhynchia Thomson, 1927 Hispanirhynchia cornea (Fischer, 1887) Genus Abyssorhynchia Zezina, 1980 Abyssorhynchia craneana (Dall, 1895) Subfamily Neorhynchiinae Mancenido et Owen, 2002 Genus Neorhynchia Thomson, 1915 Neorhynchia strebeli (Dall, 1908) Family Tethyrhynchiidae Logan 1994, in Logan & Zibrowius (1994) Genus Tethyrhynchia Logan 1994, in Logan & Zibrowius (1994) Tethyrhynchia mediterranea Logan 1994, in Logan & Zibrowius (1994) Superfamily Hemithiridoidea Rzhonsnitskaia, 1956 Family Hemithirididae Rzhonsnitskaia, 1956 Genus Pemphixina Cooper, 1981 Pemphixina pyxidata (Davidson, 1880) Genus Hemithiris d'Orbigny, 1847 Hemithiris psittacea (Gmelin, 1790) Hemithiris woodwardi (Adams, 1863) Family Notosariidae Mancenido et Owen, 2002 Genus Notosaria Cooper, 1959 Notosaria nigricans (Sowerby, 1846) Notosaria reinga Lee et Wilson, 1979

Order Thecideida Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea Williams, Carlson, Brunton, Holmer et Popov, 1996, Class Rhynchonellata Williams, Carlson, Brunton, Holmer et Popov, 1996

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of living brachiopod species

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of living brachiopod species claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of living brachiopod species before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of living brachiopod species ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of living brachiopod species

In research: List of living brachiopod species appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of living brachiopod species in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of living brachiopod species is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Brachiopod taxonomy, Systems of animal taxonomy, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of living brachiopod species outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

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Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

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