List of marches

Key takeaways

List of marches belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect List of marches to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of List of marches from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

This is a list of marches. In the Middle Ages, marches were any type of borderland between realms, or a neutral zone under joint control of two states. Marches served a political purpose, such as providing warning of military incursions, or regulating cross-border trade.

Northeastern marches At the beginning of his rule as king of Germany, Otto I tried to reorganize his realm to prepare an expansion to the East. At the beginning of the year 937, he created two marches: the March of the Billungen, given to Hermann Billung, later Duke of Saxony; and the Eastern march, given to Gero. In 961, when Billung became Duke of Saxony, his March was merged with the duchy. In the case of Gero, Otto I, now emperor, decided the division of his territories, greatly expanded since 937.

March of Billung (937–961): Carved from the Duchy of Saxony, then merged back. 937-961: Hermann Billung Danish March, German buffer zone against the Danes March of Gero, sometimes called Nordmark or Ostmark (937–965). Carved from the Duchy of Saxony, then divided in five marches. 937-965: Gero Nordmark, later known as March of Brandenburg (from 965): Carved from the March of Gero. 965-985: Dietrich von Haldensleben 985-1003: Lothar I of Walbeck Ostmark, sometime confused with Nordmark, or with the Bavarian Ostmark (Austria), later the Margraviate of Lusatia (from 965). Carved from the March of Gero. 965-979: Thietmar I 979-993: Hodo I 993-1015: Gero II Meissen, also called March of Thuringia (from 965). Carved from the March of Gero. 965-979: Wigbert 979-985: Rikdag 985-1002: Ekkehard I Merseburg (965–982). Carved from the March of Gero, annexed to Meissen. 965-982: Günther Zeitz (965–979). Carved from the March of Gero, annexed to Meissen. 965-979: Wigger I Landsberg (1261–1347), separated from Lusatia, integrated into Meissen (later Saxony).

Northwestern marches In 861, Charles the Bald, king of France, created two marches to protect his realm from warriors coming from Brittany and Normandy. Both were named March of Neustria, but will be known as March of Brittany and March of Normandy. In 863, the king created the March of Flanders.

March of Brittany (861–987): Annexed to the Kingdom of France. 861-866: Robert the Strong March of Normandy (861–987): Annexed to the Kingdom of France. 861-865: Adalhard, Udo of Neustria and Berengar I of Neustria (jointly) March of Flanders (863–877): Downgraded to a County afterwards. 863-877: Baldwin I Three marches belonging to the Holy Roman Empire were created in the Low Countries:

March of Antwerp (974–1190): Became part of the Duchy of Brabant. March of Ename (974–1033): Captured by Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders and became Imperial Flanders. March of Valenciennes (974–1071): Became part of the County of Hainaut.

Southeastern marches Ostmark, later raised to a duchy; became known as Austria. Styria, later raised to a duchy. Carinthia (889–1012), later a duchy. Mark an der Sann, later the County of Cilli, then integrated into Styria. Mark an der Drau; later integrated into Styria. Friuli (776–927) Avar - Pannonia Carniola (927–1071): carved from Friuli, annexed to the Patriarchy of Aquileia. Later formed part of the Habsburg domains before being raised to a duchy. Windic March, a region of the March of Carniola Istria (1062–1209): carved from Carinthia, annexed to the Patriarchate of Aquileia. Verona (1061–1250): created by the Emperor as a gift, annexed to Austria. Tuscany (931–1173): created by the Italian king Hugh of Arles for his brother, then annexed to the Empire. 931-936: Boso of Tuscany Mantua (1433–1530) Ivrea (888–1015): created by Guy III of Spoleto

Southwestern marches Spanish March, also named Gothia and Septimania (806–885): Created to protect the Frankish heartland from Al-Andalus invasions, merged into Aquitaine. 806-816: Beggo of Paris 820-825: Rampon, Count of Barcelona 826-832: Bernard of Septimania 832-835: Berengar von Toulouse 835-844: Bernard of Septimania Upper March (al-Tagr al-A'la al-Andalusi), centered on Zaragoza: created to protect the Emirate of Cordoba from Frankish coastal and east-Pyrenees invasions. The northernmost part of the Upper March was called the Distant or Farthest March (al-Tagr al-Aqsa) Middle March (al-Tagr al-Awsat), centered on Toledo and later Medinaceli: created to protect the Emirate of Cordoba from invasions from the west-Pyrenees and Asturias. Lower March (al-Tagr al-Adna), centered on Mérida: created to protect the Emirate of Cordoba from Asturian incursions. Castile, named for the fortifications typical of a march: created to protect the Asturian kingdom from Cordoban invasions. It developed into a county, then a kingdom. Provence (905–1105): From 975 it became a family title, the eldest bearing it. It disappeared after the death of Raymond IV of Toulouse. 905-936: Hugh of Italy 936-948: Hugh, Duke of Burgundy 948-975: Conrad of Burgundy 975-993: William I of Provence 993-1005: Rotbold II of Provence 1005-1014: Rotbold III of Provence 1014-1037: William III of Provence 1037-1051: Fulk Bertrand of Provence 1051-1061: Geoffrey I of Provence 1061-1094: William Bertrand of Provence 1094-1105: Raymond IV of Toulouse Aquitaine (885–886): Successor to the Spanish March, became a Duchy. Bernard Plantapilosa

English marches Welsh Marches Scottish Marches

March as modern-era regional toponym Altmark (Old March), region in northern Saxony-Anhalt Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, district of Saxony-Anhalt Bevis Marks, a street in London on the boundary of a former monastic estate Denmark, a sovereign state Friuli-Venezia Giulia, a region of Italy combining the former regions of Friuli and Venezia Giulia, known in English as the Julian March Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia, province of Prussia (1922–1938) Hedmark, until 2020 a county of Norway Kurmark (Electoral March), former expression for a region in today's western Brandenburg Lappmarken, a region and former governorate in northern Sweden March of Brandenburg (colloquial, but not official), state of Germany Marche, region of Italy Mittelmark (Middle March), region in central Brandenburg Pomarkku (Påmark), a municipality of Finland Potsdam-Mittelmark, district of Brandenburg New March, former expression for a region in western Poland Steiermark, a province of Austria Telemark, a county of Norway Finnmark, a county of Norway Uckermark, a region in northeastern Brandenburg and southern Vorpommern Uckermark (district), a district of Brandenburg

See also Commandery (jùn), the equivalent Chinese territory

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of marches

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of marches claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of marches before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of marches ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of marches

In research: List of marches appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of marches in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of marches is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Europe-related lists, Geography-related lists, Marches (country subdivision), so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of marches outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study List of marches in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what List of marches means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain List of marches out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is List of marches in simple terms?

This is a list of marches. In the Middle Ages, marches were any type of borderland between realms, or a neutral zone under joint control of two states.

Why does List of marches matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study List of marches?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on List of marches.