biology

List of paleognath species

List of paleognath species is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of paleognath species rather than just read about it. In short: The paleognaths (Palaeognathae) are a clade of bird species of gondwanic distribution in Africa, South America, New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand. The group have more than 50 living species and includes the ostriches, rheas, kiwis, emus, cassowaries and tinamous.

Key takeaways

List of paleognath species belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect List of paleognath species to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of List of paleognath species from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The paleognaths (Palaeognathae) are a clade of bird species of gondwanic distribution in Africa, South America, New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand. The group have more than 50 living species and includes the ostriches, rheas, kiwis, emus, cassowaries and tinamous. They are, with Neognathae, the two main lineages of modern birds (Neornithes). Extinct species assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive, Paleofile.com website and Brodkob.

Summary of 2006 IUCN Red List categories

Conservation status [v2017.3, the data is current as of May 8, 2018]:

EX - extinct, EW - extinct in the wild CR - critically endangered EN - endangered VU - vulnerable NT - near threatened LC - least concern DD - data deficient NE - not evaluated

Phylogeny Phylogeny based on the work of John Boyd.

Species

Order Struthioniformes Family Struthionidae Vigors 1825 (ostriches) Genus †Orientornis Wang 2008 †Orientornis linxiaensis (Hou et al. 2005) Wang 2008 ?Genus †Palaeotis Lambrecht 1928 (fossil: Middle Eocene) †Palaeotis wiegelti Lambrecht 1928 ?Genus †Remiornis Lemoine, 1881 †Remiornis heberti Lemoine, 1881 Genus Struthio (2 living species) ?†Struthio anderssoni Lowe 1931 [ootaxa] ?†Struthio barbarus Arambourg 1979 †Struthio asiaticus Brodkorb 1863 [Milne-Edwards 1871] (Asian ostrich) †Struthio chersonensis (Brandt 1873) Lambrecht 1921 †Struthio coppensi Mourer-Chauviré et al. 1996 ?†Struthio daberasensis Pickford, Senut & Dauphin 1995 †Struthio dmanisensis Burchak-Abramovich & Vekua 1990 (giant ostrich) ?†Struthio epoasticus Bonaparte ?†Struthio kakesiensis Harrison & Msuya 2005 [ootaxa] ?†Struthio karingarabensis Senut, Dauphin & Pickford 1998 [ootaxa] †Struthio oldawayi Lowe 1933 †Struthio transcaucasicus Burchak-Abramovich & Vekua 1971 †Struthio wimani Lowe 1931 Struthio molybdophanes Reichenow 1883 (Somali ostrich) VU Struthio camelus Linnaeus 1758 (Common ostrich) LC †S. c. syriacus Rothschild 1919 (Arabian ostrich) EX 1966 S. c. camelus Linnaeus 1758 (North African ostrich) S. c. australis (Gurney 1868) (Southern African ostrich) S. c. massaicus (Neumann 1898) (Masai ostrich)

Order Rheiformes Family †Opistodactylidae Ameghino 1895 (fossil) Genus †Opisthodactylus Ameghino 1895 (Miocene of Argentina) - rheid? †Opisthodactylus horacioperezi Agnolin & Chafrat 2015 †Opisthodactylus patagonicus Ameghino 1895 †Opisthodactylus kirchneri Noriega et al. 2017 Family Rheidae Bonaparte 1853 (rheas) Genus †Heterorhea Rovereto 1914 (fossil: Pliocene of Argentina) †Heterorhea dabbenei Rovereto 1914 Genus †Hinasuri Tambussi 1995 (fossil) †Hinasuri nehuensis Tambussi 1995 Genus †Protorhea Moreno & Mercerat 1891 †Protorhea azarae Moreno & Mercerat 1891 Genus Rhea Brisson 1760 ?†Rhea anchorenense (Ameghino & Rusconi 1932) ?†Rhea fossilis Moreno & Mercerat 1891 ?†Rhea mesopotamica (Agnolín & Noriega 2012) ?†Rhea subpampeana Moreno & Mercerat 1891 Rhea americana (Linnaeus 1758) Brisson 1760 (common rhea) NT R. a. americana (Linnaeus 1758) (American rhea) R. a. intermedia Rothschild & Chubb 1914 (intermediate rhea) R. a. albescens (Lynch & Holmberg 1878) (Argentine rhea) R. a. nobilis Brodkorb 1939 R. a. araneipes Brodkorb 1938 Rhea pennata d'Orbigny 1834 (lesser rhea) R. p. pennata d'Orbigny 1834 (Darwin's lesser rhea) LC R. p. garleppi (Chubb 1913) (Garlepp's rhea) R. p. tarapacensis (Chubb 1913) (Tarapacá/Puna Rhea) NT

Order Casuariiformes Family Casuariidae Kaup 1847 (cassowaries & emus) Genus Casuarius Brisson 1760 Casuarius bennetti Gould 1857 (dwarf cassowary) LC C. b. bennetti Gould 1857 (Bennett's cassowary) C. b. westermanni (Sclater 1874) (Papuan dwarf cassowary) Casuarius casuarius (Linnaeus 1758) Brisson 1760 (southern cassowary) LC †Casuarius lydekkeri Rothschild 1911 (pygmy cassowary) Casuarius unappendiculatus Blyth 1860 (northern cassowary) LC Genus †Diogenornis de Alvarenga 1983 tentatively placed here †Diogenornis fragilis de Alvarenga 1983 Genus †Emuarius Boles 1992 (Emuwaries) (fossil: Late Oligocene - Late Miocene) †Emuarius guljaruba Boles 2001 †Emuarius gidju (Patterson & Rich 1987) Boles 1992 Genus Dromaius Vieillot 1816 (emus) (1 living species, 2 recently extinct) Dromaius novaehollandiae (Latham 1790) Vieillot 1816 LC D. n. novaehollandiae (Latham 1790) Vieillot 1816 (mainland emu) †D. n. baudinianus Parker 1984 (Kangaroo Island emu) EX 1827 †D. n. diemenensis (Jennings 1827) Le Souef 1907 (Tasmanian emu) EX c.1845-1884 †D. n. minor Spencer 1906 (King Island/black emu) EX 1822 †Dromaius ocypus (Miller 1963) †Dromaius arleyekweke (Yates & Worthy 2019)

Order Apterygiformes Family Apterygidae Gray 1840 (kiwis) Genus †Proapteryx Worthy et al. 2013 †Proapteryx micromeros Worthy et al. 2013 Genus Apteryx Shaw 1813 Apteryx australis Shaw 1813 (southern brown kiwi or tokoeka) VU A. a. lawryi (Rothschild 1893) (Stewart Island tokoeka) A. a. australis Shaw 1813 (Fiordland/Haast tokoeka) Apteryx haastii Potts 1872 (great spotted kiwi) VU Apteryx mantelli Bartlett 1852 (North Island brown kiwi) VU Apteryx owenii Gould 1847 (little spotted kiwi) NT †A. o. iredalei (Mathews 1935) (North Island little spotted kiwi) EX late 19th century A. o. owenii Gould 1847 (South Island little spotted kiwi) Apteryx rowi Tennyson et al. 2003 (Okarito brown kiwi) VU

Order †Aepyornithiformes Family †Aepyornithidae Bonaparte 1853 (elephant birds) Genus †Aepyornis St. Hilaire 1850 (4 species) †Aepyornis gracilis Monnier 1913 (gracile elephant bird) †Aepyornis hildebrandti Burckhardt 1893 (Hildebrandt's elephant bird) †Aepyornis maximus St. Hilaire 1851EX 16th century †Aepyornis medius Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1866 (medium/greater elephant bird) EX 16th century Genus †Mullerornis Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894 (4 species) †Mullerornis agilis Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894 (agile/coastal elephant bird) †Mullerornis betsilei Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894 (Betsile elephant bird) ?†Mullerornis grandis Lamberton 1934 †Mullerornis rudis Milne-Edwards & Grandidier 1894 (robust elephant bird)

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of paleognath species

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of paleognath species claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of paleognath species before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of paleognath species ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of paleognath species

In research: List of paleognath species appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of paleognath species in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of paleognath species is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Lists of animal species, Lists of birds, Palaeognathae, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of paleognath species outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Ask Teacher Smith questions about this articleOpens your AI tutor with a question about “List of paleognath species” →

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study List of paleognath species in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what List of paleognath species means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain List of paleognath species out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is List of paleognath species in simple terms?

Why does List of paleognath species matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study List of paleognath species?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on List of paleognath species.