science

List of parrots

List of parrots is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of parrots rather than just read about it. In short: Parrots, also known as psittacines (), are the 402 species of birds that make up the order Psittaciformes, found in most tropical and subtropical regions, of which 387 are extant. The order is subdivided into three superfamilies; the Psittacoidea ("true" parrots), the Cacatuoidea (cockatoos), and the Strigopoidea (New Zealand parrots).

Key takeaways

List of parrots belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect List of parrots to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of List of parrots from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Parrots, also known as psittacines (), are the 402 species of birds that make up the order Psittaciformes, found in most tropical and subtropical regions, of which 387 are extant. The order is subdivided into three superfamilies; the Psittacoidea ("true" parrots), the Cacatuoidea (cockatoos), and the Strigopoidea (New Zealand parrots). Parrots have a generally pantropical distribution with several species inhabiting temperate regions in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres as well. The greatest diversity of parrots is in South America and Australasia. The Cacatuoidea are distinct from the rest of the order in having a movable head crest, a different arrangement of the carotid arteries, a gall bladder, differences in the skull bones, and in lacking the Dyck texture feathers that, in the Psittacoidea, scatter light to produce the vibrant colours of so many parrots. The Lorikeets were previously regarded as a family, Loriidae, but are now considered a tribe (Loriini) within the subfamily Loriinae, family Psittaculidae. Some species, such as the Puerto Rican amazon (Amazona vittata) have had a population bottleneck (in this case reduced to 13 individuals in 1975) and subsequently have low genetic variability and low reproductive success, leading to complications with conservation. No consensus existed regarding the taxonomy of Psittaciformes until recently. The placement of the Strigopoidea species has been variable in the past. They were once considered part of the Psittacoidea, but recent 21st century studies place this group of New Zealand species as their own superfamily next to the Cacatuoidea and remaining members of the Psittacoidea. Many studies have confirmed the unique placement of this group at the base of the parrot tree. Most authors now accept this group as a separate taxon containing a single family Strigopidae, though some split this into two families, Nestoridae and Strigopidae. Conversely, the relationships among various cockatoo genera are largely resolved.

Conventions

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the bird's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN red list for that species unless otherwise noted. The extinct species listed became extinct after 1500 CE (recently extinct), and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification The order Psittaciformes consists of 387 extant species belonging to 87 genera. The following classification is based on the most recent proposals as of 2012, with some updates to match the AviList. Superfamily Strigopoidea: New Zealand parrots

Family Strigopidae: three genera with three living (the flightless, critically endangered kākāpō, the kea and the New Zealand kaka), and several extinct species in the New Zealand region Superfamily Cacatuoidea: cockatoos

Family Cacatuidae Subfamily Nymphicinae: one genus with one species, the cockatiel Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae: the black cockatoos Subfamily Cacatuinae Tribe Microglossini: one genus with one species, the black palm cockatoo Tribe Cacatuini: four genera of white, pink, and grey species Superfamily Psittacoidea: true parrots

Family Psittacidae Subfamily Psittacinae: two African genera, Psittacus and Poicephalus Subfamily Arinae Tribe Arini: eighteen genera Tribe Androglossini: seven genera Family Psittaculidae Subfamily Psittrichasinae: one species, Pesquet's parrot Subfamily Coracopsinae: one genus with several species Subfamily Platycercinae Tribe Pezoporini: ground parrots and allies Tribe Platycercini: broad-tailed parrots Subfamily Psittacellinae: one genus (Psittacella) with several species Subfamily Loriinae Tribe Loriini: lories and lorikeets Tribe Melopsittacini: one genus with one species, the budgerigar Tribe Cyclopsittini: fig parrots Subfamily Agapornithinae: three genera Subfamily Psittaculinae Tribe Polytelini: three genera Tribe Psittaculini: Asian psittacines Tribe Micropsittini: pygmy parrots

New Zealand parrots

Family Strigopidae

Cockatoos

Family Cacatuidae

Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae

Subfamily Nymphicinae

Subfamily Cacatuinae

Tribe Microglossini

Tribe Cacatuini

True parrots

Family Psittacidae

Subfamily Psittacinae

Subfamily Arinae (neotropical parrots)

Tribe Arini

Tribe Forpini

Tribe Amoropsittacini

Tribe Androglossini

Family Psittaculidae

Subfamily Platycercinae

Tribe Platycercini (broad-tailed parrots)

Tribe Pezoporini Bonaparte, 1837

Subfamily Psittacellinae

Subfamily Loriinae

Tribe Loriini Selby, 1836

Tribe Melopsittacini

Tribe Cyclopsittini (fig parrots)

Subfamily Agapornithinae

Subfamily Psittaculinae

Tribe Polytelini

Tribe Psittaculini

Tribe Micropsittini

Family Psittrichasiidae

Subfamily Coracopsinae

Subfamily Psittrichasinae

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of parrots

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of parrots claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of parrots before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of parrots ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of parrots

In research: List of parrots appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of parrots in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of parrots is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Lists of birds, Parrots, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of parrots outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study List of parrots in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what List of parrots means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain List of parrots out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is List of parrots in simple terms?

Why does List of parrots matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study List of parrots?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on List of parrots.