biology

List of procellariids

List of procellariids is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of procellariids rather than just read about it. In short: The taxonomy of the Procellariidae, or procellariids, is complex and still a matter of some debate. The traditional taxonomy breaks the procellariids into four main groups, the fulmarine petrels, the prions, the gadfly petrels and the shearwaters.

Key takeaways

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Reference excerpt

The taxonomy of the Procellariidae, or procellariids, is complex and still a matter of some debate. The traditional taxonomy breaks the procellariids into four main groups, the fulmarine petrels, the prions, the gadfly petrels and the shearwaters. Recent studies have called this arrangement into question.

Traditional taxonomy This traditional taxonomy is based upon Carboneras (1992) in the Handbook of the Birds of the World. Fulmarine petrels

Macronectes Fulmarus Thalassoica Daption Pagodroma Gadfly petrels

Pterodroma Prions

Halobaena Pachyptila Shearwaters

Procellaria Calonectris Puffinus

Revised taxonomy Based on Austin (1996), Bretagnolle et al. (1998), Nunn & Stanley (1998) and Brooke (2004), several changes have been made from the more traditional taxonomy. The two species in the genus Bulweria are no longer considered close to the rest of the gadfly petrels; several more gadfly petrels are removed from Pterodroma and placed in Pseudobulweria (allied to the shearwaters), and the Kerguelen petrel is also removed from Pterodroma and placed in the monotypic Lugensa. Several taxa are also elevated to species status on the basis of newer studies. Fulmarine petrels

Macronectes Macronectes halli, northern giant petrel Macronectes giganteus, southern giant petrel Fulmarus Fulmarus glacialis, northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides, southern fulmar Thalassoica Thalassoica antarctica, Antarctic petrel Daption Daption capense, Cape petrel Pagodroma Pagodroma nivea, snow petrel

Prions

Pelecanoides Pelecanoides garnotii, Peruvian diving-petrel Pelecanoides magellani, Magellanic diving-petrel Pelecanoides georgicus, South Georgia diving-petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix, common diving-petrel Halobaena Halobaena caerula, blue petrel Pachyptila Pachyptila turtur, fairy prion Pachyptila belcheri, slender-billed prion Pachyptila crassirostris, fulmar prion Pachyptila vittata, broad-billed prion Pachyptila desolata, Antarctic prion Pachyptila salvin, Salvin's prion Procellarine petrels

Procellaria Procellaria aequinoctialis, white-chinned petrel Procellaria conspicillata, spectacled petrel Procellaria westlandica, Westland petrel Procellaria parkinsoni, black petrel Procellaria cinerea, grey petrel Bulweria Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer's petrel Bulweria fallax, Jouanin's petrel †Bulweria bifax, small Saint Helena petrel (extinct) Shearwaters

Calonectris Calonectris borealis, Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea, Scopoli's shearwater Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde shearwater Calonectris leucomelas, streaked shearwater Puffinus (Sub)Genus Puffinus ("Puffinus" group) - smaller species, closely related to Calonectris Puffinus nativatis, Christmas shearwater Puffinus subalaris, Galápagos shearwater Puffinus gavia, fluttering shearwater Puffinus huttoni, Hutton's shearwater Puffinus yelkouan, yelkouan shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus, Balearic shearwater Puffinus assimilis, little shearwater Puffinus heinrothi, Heinroth's shearwater Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon's shearwater Puffinus (lherminieri) baroli, North Atlantic little shearwater Puffinus (lherminieri) persicus, Persian shearwater Puffinus (lherminieri) bailloni, tropical shearwater or Baillon's shearwater Puffinus (lherminieri) bannermani, Bannerman's shearwater Puffinus puffinus, Manx shearwater Puffinus opisthomelas, black-vented shearwater Puffinus auricularis, Townsend's shearwater Puffinus newelli, Hawaiian shearwater †Puffinus parvus, Bermuda shearwater (extinct)

(Sub)Genus Ardenna ("Neonectris" group) - larger species, a distinct lineage Puffinus creatopus, pink-footed shearwater Puffinus carneipes, flesh-footed shearwater Puffinus gravis, great shearwater Puffinus griseus, sooty shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris, short-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus, wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus bulleri, Buller's shearwater Pseudobulweria Puffinus macgillivrayi, Fiji petrel Puffinus rostrata, Tahiti petrel Puffinus becki, Beck's petrel Puffinus aterrima, Mascarene petrel †Puffinus rupinarus, large Saint Helena petrel (extinct) Aphrodroma Aphrodroma brevirostris, Kerguelen petrel Gadfly petrels

Pterodroma Pterodroma baraui, Barau's petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana, Trindade petrel Pterodroma (arminjoniana) heraldica, herald petrel Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez petrel Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia, Galapagos petrel Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian petrel Pterodroma atrata, Henderson petrel Pterodroma alba, Phoenix petrel Pterodroma feae, Fea's petrel Pterodroma madeira, Zino's petrel or Madeira petrel Pterodroma mollis, soft-plumaged petrel Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda petrel Pterodroma hasitata, black-capped petrel †Pterodroma caribbaea, Jamaica petrel (probably extinct) Pterodroma incerta, Atlantic petrel Pterodroma lessonii, white-headed petrel Pterodroma magentae, magenta petrel Pterodroma macroptera, great-winged petrel Pterodroma solandri, providence petrel Pterodroma ultima, Murphy's petrel Pterodroma inexpectata, mottled petrel Pterodroma pycrofti, Pycroft's petrel Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger's petrel Pterodroma brevipes, collared petrel Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould's petrel †Pterodroma cf. leucoptera, Mangareva petrel (possibly extinct) Pterodroma cookii, Cook's petrel Pterodroma defilippiana, Masatierra petrel Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin petrel Pterodroma cervicalis, white-necked petrel Pterodroma occulta, Vanuatu petrel Pterodroma nigripennis, black-winged petrel Pterodroma axillaris, Chatham petrel An undescribed prehistorically extinct species was found on Easter Island. For other non-Recent extinctions, see the genus accounts.

References

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Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of procellariids

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of procellariids claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of procellariids before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of procellariids ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of procellariids

In research: List of procellariids appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of procellariids in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of procellariids is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Lists of animal species, Lists of birds, Procellariidae, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of procellariids outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

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Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

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