science

List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world

List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world rather than just read about it. In short: Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas, especially medicine, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture as well as physics, economics, engineering and optics. Muslim scientists who have contributed significantly to science and civilization in the Islamic Golden Age (i.e. from the 8th century to the 14th century) include: Astronomers Ibrahim al-Fazari (d. 777) Muhammad al-Fazari (d. 796 or…

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Reference excerpt

Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas, especially medicine, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture as well as physics, economics, engineering and optics. Muslim scientists who have contributed significantly to science and civilization in the Islamic Golden Age (i.e. from the 8th century to the 14th century) include:

Astronomers Ibrahim al-Fazari (d. 777) Muhammad al-Fazari (d. 796 or 806) Al-Khwarizmi (d. 850) Sanad ibn Ali (d. 864) Al-Marwazi (d. 869) Al-Farghani (d. 870) Al-Mahani (d. 880) Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (d. 886) Dīnawarī (d. 896) Banū Mūsā (d. 9th century) Abu Sa'id Gorgani (d. 9th century) Ahmad Nahavandi (d. 9th century) Al-Nayrizi (d. 922) Al-Battani (d. 929) Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (d. 971) Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (d. 986) Al-Saghani (d. 990) Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī (d. 998) Abu Al-Fadl Harawi (d. 10th century) Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (d. 1000) Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (d. 1000) Al-Majriti (d. 1007) Ibn Yunus (d. 1009) Kushyar ibn Labban (d. 1029) Abu Nasr Mansur (d. 1036) Abu l-Hasan 'Ali (d. 1037) Ibn Sina (d. 1037) Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1040) Al-Bīrūnī (d. 1048) Ali ibn Ridwan (d. 1061) Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (d. 1087) Omar Khayyám (d. 1131) Ibn Bajjah (d. 1138) Ibn Tufail (d. 1185) Ibn Rushd (d. 1198) Al-Khazini (d. 12th century) Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji (d. 1204) Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (d. 1213) Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi (d. 1266) Nasir al-Din Tusi (d. 1274) Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (d. 1310) Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1311) Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 1346) Ibn al-Shatir (d. 1375) Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī (d. 1380) Jamshīd al-Kāshī (d. 1429) Ulugh Beg (d. 1449) Ali Qushji (d. 1474)

Psychiatrists

Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (9th century), pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi (850–934), pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine Al-Farabi (872–950) (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936–1013) (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040) (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception Al-Biruni (973–1050), pioneer of reaction time Avicenna (980–1037) (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry, thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness Ibn Zuhr (1094–1162) (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease Ibn Tufail (1126–1198), pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture

Chemists and alchemists

Khalid ibn Yazid (–85 AH/ 704) (Calid) Jafar al-Sadiq (702–765) Jābir ibn Hayyān (d. c. 806–816) (Geber, not to be confused with pseudo-Geber) Al-Khwārizmī (780–850), algebra, mathematics Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–887) (Armen Firman) Al-Kindi (801–873) (Alkindus) Al-Majriti (fl. 1007–1008) (950–1007) Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030) Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048) Avicenna (980–1037) Al-Khazini (fl. 1115–1130) Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201–1274) Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) w

Economists and social scientists

Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699–767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar Abu Yusuf (731–798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar Al-Saghani (–990), one of the earliest historians of science Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), Anthropology", Indology Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist Ibn Miskawayh (932–1030), economist Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology and economics Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist

Geographers and earth scientists

Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science Zakariya al-Qazwini (1204-1283), geographer, cozmographer, physicist and mathematician. He explained the formation of mountains and collected the latitude, longitude and climate of 700 cities together with their time differences in a book. al-Hamdani Ibn Al-Jazzar Al-Tamimi Al-Masihi Ali ibn Ridwan Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer Ahmad ibn Fadlan Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, geodesy, geology and Anthropology Avicenna Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi Averroes Ibn al-Nafis Ibn Jubayr Ibn Battuta Ibn Khaldun Piri Reis Evliya Çelebi

Mathematicians

Ali Qushji Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi), algebra and algorithms 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī Al-Kindi (Alkindus) Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa) Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir Al-Mahani Ahmed ibn Yusuf Al-Majriti Al-Battani (Albatenius) Al-Farabi (Abunaser) Al-Nayrizi Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin Brethren of Purity Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi Al-Saghani Abū Sahl al-Qūhī Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī Ibn Sahl Al-Sijzi Ibn Yunus Abu Nasr Mansur Kushyar ibn Labban Al-Karaji Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen) Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi Al-Nasawi Al-Jayyani Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud Omar Khayyám Al-Khazini Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) Al-Ghazali (Algazel) Al-Marrakushi Al-Samawal Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Ibn Seena (Avicenna) Hunayn ibn Ishaq Ibn al-Banna' Ibn al-Shatir Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) Jamshīd al-Kāshī Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi Muhammad Baqir Yazdi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf Ulugh Beg Al-Samawal al-Maghribi (1130–1180)

Philosophers

Al-Kindi Averroes Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi Al-Farabi Avicenna Ibn Arabi Rumi Jami Ibn Khaldun Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Physicists and engineers

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Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world

In research: List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Islam and science, Lists of Muslims, Medieval Islamic world-related lists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of scientists in the medieval Islamic world outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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