science

List of seasonal influenza vaccines

List of seasonal influenza vaccines is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of seasonal influenza vaccines rather than just read about it. In short: Seasonal influenza vaccine brands include Fluzone/Fluzone Quadrivalent and Vaxigrip/VaxigripTetra, Influvac and Optaflu. AstraZeneca Fluenz, Flumist and their quadrivalent formulations are nasal attenuated vaccines by AstraZeneca.

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Reference excerpt

Seasonal influenza vaccine brands include Fluzone/Fluzone Quadrivalent and Vaxigrip/VaxigripTetra, Influvac and Optaflu.

AstraZeneca Fluenz, Flumist and their quadrivalent formulations are nasal attenuated vaccines by AstraZeneca.

Fluenz Fluenz Tetra Flumist Flumist Quadrivalent

GlaxoSmithKline Fluarix, Flulaval and their quadrivalent formulations are split virus inactivated vaccines by GlaxoSmithKline.

Fluarix Flulaval Fluarix Tetra

Mylan/Viatris Influvac and its quadrivalent formulation are surface antigen subunit vaccines marketed by Mylan.

Influvac Influvac Tetra They contain inactivated purified surface fragments (subunits) from the three different strains of the influenza virus (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and Influenza B virus) that are selected and distributed by the World Health Organization, on the basis of their latest recommendations. Previously, they were produced and marketed by Abbott Laboratories In February 2010, Abbott acquired the vaccines subunit from Solvay Pharmaceuticals included in its $6.2 billion purchase and the subunit influenza vaccine — Influvac has been commercially available on the market since the early nineteen-eighties. With the acquisition of Solvay, Abbott retained access to the Eastern European, Middle Eastern & Latin American markets. Approximately $850 million of sales revenue from vaccines was reported by Solvay Pharmaceuticals in 2009. In February 2015, Mylan Laboratories completed the deal with Abbott to purchase Abbott's generic drugs business in developed markets, which includes Influvac. In some countries, Influvac is marketed by Viatris after Upjohn merged with Mylan to create Viatris.

Novartis Optaflu was a trivalent surface antigen inactivated vaccine, the first flu vaccine made in mammalian cell cultures rather than chicken eggs, manufactured by Novartis. In April 2007, Novartis received a positive opinion supporting European Union approval of Optaflu. In 2014, Novartis' flu vaccine unit was sold to CSL Limited, and placed under CSL subsidiary, bioCSL (Seqirus) as marketing authorization holder. In 2017, bioCSL decided to discontinue the usage of the Optaflu brand for commercial reasons.

Sanofi-Aventis Vaxigrip Tetra and Fluquadri are quadrivalent split virus inactivated vaccines by Sanofi-Aventis.

Vaxigrip Tetra Fluquadri

Sanofi Pasteur Sanofi Pasteur produces the following vaccines:

Fluzone Vaxigrip/Vaxigrip Tetra Flublok Supemtek/Supemtek Tetra

Fluzone

Fluzone and its quadrivalent formulation are split virus inactivated vaccines distributed by Sanofi Pasteur mainly in the United States.

Dosage and storage Fluzone is typically administered in a single dose by intramuscular injection; an intradermal injection is also available. It is presented as a 0.25 ml syringe for pediatric use, as a 0.5 ml syringe for adults and children, as a 0.5 ml vial for adults and children, and as a 5 ml vial for adults and children. Fluzone must be refrigerated under temperatures from 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) and is inactivated by freezing. Fluzone was initially approved in 1980 by the FDA.

Adverse effects The following adverse effects have been reported:

Mild soreness, local pain and swelling at the site of the injection In small children and in people with no previous exposure to a flu vaccine, episodes of fever, malaise, myalgia (muscle pain) In people who are sensitive to egg protein, allergic reactions may ensue, such as hives, angioedema, asthma and anaphylaxis

High-dose vaccine A high-dose vaccine (Fluzone High-Dose) four times the strength of standard flu vaccine was approved by the FDA in 2009. This vaccine is intended for people 65 and over, who typically have weakened immune response due to normal aging. The vaccine produces a greater immune response than standard vaccine. According to the CDC, "a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine [in August, 2014] indicated that the high-dose vaccine was 24.2% more effective in preventing flu in adults 65 years of age and older relative to a standard-dose vaccine." The CDC recommends the high-dose vaccine for people 65 and over but expresses no preference between it and standard vaccine. Further studies were underway as of 2014.

Vaxigrip/Vaxigrip Tetra Vaxigrip and its quadrivalent formulation Vaxigrip Tetra are split virus inactivated vaccines made by Sanofi Pasteur in Europe. Vaxigrip provides immune responses to three influenza strains and VaxigripTetra adds another B strain. VaxigripTetra was approved in Europe in 2016 except for infants younger than three years old.

Flublok/Flublok Quadrivalent Flublok and its quadrivalent formulation are recombinant subunit vaccines prepared in cell cultures. Recombinant influenza vaccines are produced using recombinant virus technology. This method does not require an egg-grown vaccine virus and does not use chicken eggs in the production process. The DNA for the hemagglutinin antigen of influenza virus is added to a baculovirus. This recombinant virus is then used to infect cultured insect cells (of the moth Spodoptera frugiperda), which subsequently produce the hemagglutinin protein. The protein is harvested and purified. This is done for four different types of influenza hemagglutinin to create the Flublok Quadrivalent vaccine.

Supemtek/Supemtek Tetra Supemtek is a trivalent vaccine. Supemtek Tetra is a quadrivalent vaccine.

Seqirus Afluria and its quadrivalent formulation are a split virus inactivated vaccines. Fluad and its quadrivalent formulations are adjuvanted surface antigen inactivated vaccines. Flucelvax and its quadrivalent formulations are surface antigen inactivated vaccines prepared in cell cultures. Novartis developed the first influenza vaccine, which did not need to be grown in chicken eggs, a cell-based vaccine. In 2014, CSL Limited obtained Novartis' flu vaccine unit, and transferred it to CSL Subsidiary, bioCSL, named Seqirus. The following are list of bioCSL flu vaccine brands:

Trivalent Afluria, also marketed as Enzira, Fluvax, and Nilgrip in various different markets Agrippal, also marketed as Begripal, Fluazur, Sandovac, Agriflu, and Chiroflu in various different markets Fluad, Fluad Pediatric, a pediatric vaccine Flucelvax Quadrivalent Afluria Quadrivalent, also marketed as Afluria Quad and Afluria Tetra in various different markets Fluad Quad Fluad Quadrivalent Fluad Tetra Flucelvax Quad Flucelvax Quadrivalent Flucelvax Tetra

See also H5N1 vaccine Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine Pandemrix, a historic H1N1 pandemic flu vaccine

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Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of seasonal influenza vaccines

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of seasonal influenza vaccines claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of seasonal influenza vaccines before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of seasonal influenza vaccines ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of seasonal influenza vaccines

In research: List of seasonal influenza vaccines appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of seasonal influenza vaccines in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of seasonal influenza vaccines is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Drugs developed by AstraZeneca, Drugs developed by GSK plc, Drugs developed by Novartis, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of seasonal influenza vaccines outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study List of seasonal influenza vaccines in 20 minutes

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Frequently asked questions

What is List of seasonal influenza vaccines in simple terms?

Seasonal influenza vaccine brands include Fluzone/Fluzone Quadrivalent and Vaxigrip/VaxigripTetra, Influvac and Optaflu. AstraZeneca Fluenz, Flumist and their quadrivalent formulations are nasal attenuated vaccines by AstraZeneca.

Why does List of seasonal influenza vaccines matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study List of seasonal influenza vaccines?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on List of seasonal influenza vaccines.