science

List of stick insects of New Zealand

List of stick insects of New Zealand is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of stick insects of New Zealand rather than just read about it. In short: Stick insects in New Zealand are found in a range of different environments, from cold high alpine areas to dry coastal forest. There are between 17 and 23 different species recognised, from 10 genera.

Key takeaways

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Reference excerpt

Stick insects in New Zealand are found in a range of different environments, from cold high alpine areas to dry coastal forest. There are between 17 and 23 different species recognised, from 10 genera. The most common species of the stick insect in New Zealand is the smooth stick insect (Clitarchus hookeri) (Salmon 1991). Following Günther (1953), the New Zealand stick insects are placed into the subfamilies Phasmatinae (tribe: Acanthoxylini) and Pachymorphinae (tribe: Pachymorphinini). Classification and identification is based on Jewell & Brock (2002) and 2015. This is a list of currently recognised stick insects in New Zealand:

Family Phasmatinae

Acanthoxyla Acanthoxyla geisoveii (Kaup 1866) Acanthoxyla inermis (Salmon 1955) Acanthoxyla prasina (Westwood 1859)

Argosarchus Argosarchus horridus (White 1846)

Clitarchus Clitarchus hookeri (White 1846) Clitarchus rakauwhakanekeneke (Buckley, Myers & Bradler 2014) Clitarchus tepaki (Buckley, Myers & Bradler 2014)

Pseudoclitarchus Pseudoclitarchus sentus (Salmon, J. T. 1948)

Tepakiphasma Tepakiphasma ngatikuri (Buckley & Bradler 2010)

Family Pachymorphinae

Asteliaphasma Asteliaphasma jucundum (Salmon 1991) Asteliaphasma naomi (Salmon 1991)

Micrarchus Micrarchus hystriculeus (Westwood 1859) Micrarchus parvulus Carl, 1913

Niveaphasma Niveaphasma annulata (Hutton 1899)

Spinotectarchus Spinotectarchus acornutus (Hutton 1899)

Tectarchus Tectarchus huttoni (Brunner 1907) Tectarchus ovobessus (Salmon 1954) Tectarchus salebrosus (Hutton 1899)

See also Egg (phasmatodea)

References

Buckley, T. R.; Attanayake, D.; Nylander, J. A.; Bradler, S. (2010). "The phylogenetic placement and biogeographical origins of the New Zealand stick insects (Phasmatodea)". Systematic Entomology. 35 (2): 207–225. Bibcode:2010SysEn..35..207B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00505.x. Buckley, Thomas R.; Bradler, Sven (2010). "Tepakiphasma ngatikuri, a new genus and species of stick insect (Phasmatodea) from the Far North of New Zealand". New Zealand Entomologist. 33 (1): 118–126. Bibcode:2010NZEnt..33..118B. doi:10.1080/00779962.2010.9722200. ISSN 0077-9962. Buckley, Thomas R.; Myers, Shelley S.; Bradler, Sven (24 December 2014). "Revision of the stick insect genus Clitarchus Stål (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae): new synonymies and two new species from northern New Zealand". Zootaxa. 3900 (4): 451–482. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3900.4.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 25543751. Günther, K. (1953). "Über die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea". Beiträge zur Entomologie. 3 (5). Berlin: 541–563. Hutton, F. W. (1899). "Revision of the New Zealand Phasmidae". Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. 31: 50–59. Jewell, Tony; Brock, Paul D. (2002). "A review of the New Zealand stick insects: new genera and synonymy, keys, and a catalogue". Journal of Orthoptera Research. 11 (2): 189–197. doi:10.1665/1082-6467(2002)011[0189:arotnz]2.0.co;2. ISSN 1082-6467. Kaup, Johann Jacob (1866). "Description of two new species of the genus Bacillus, Latr". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1866: 577–578. O'Neill, S. B.; Buckley, T. R.; Jewell, T. R.; Ritchie, P. A. (2009). "Phylogeographic history of the New Zealand stick insect Niveaphasma annulata (Phasmatodea) estimated from mitochondrial and nuclear loci". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (2): 523–536. Bibcode:2009MolPE..53..523O. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.007. PMID 19596452. Salmon, J. T. (1948). "New Genera Species and Records of Orthoptera from the Three Kings Islands New Zealand". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 3: 301–307. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906018. Wikidata Q58676665. Salmon, J. T. (1954). "A new genus and species of Phasmidae from New Zealand". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 82: 161–168. Salmon, J. T. (1955). "The genus Acanthoxyla (Phasmidae)". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 82 (5). Salmon, J. T (1991). The stick insects of New Zealand. Raupo. Trewick, S. A.; Goldberg, J.; Morgan-Richards, M. (2005). "Fewer species of Argosarchus and Clitarchus stick insects (Phasmida, Phasmatinae): evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data". Zoologica Scripta. 34 (5): 483–491. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00204.x. Westwood, John Obadiah (1859). Catalogue of orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum; Part I., Phasmidae. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.21204. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu62461982. White, A. (1846). Richardson, John; Gray, John Edward (eds.). The zoology of the voyage of the H.M.S. Erebus & Terror, under the command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross, during the years 1839 to 1843. By authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Vol. 1. Insects of New Zealand. "Stick Insects (Phasmatodea)". Landcare Research - Manaaki Whenua. Retrieved 20 February 2019.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of stick insects of New Zealand

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of stick insects of New Zealand claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of stick insects of New Zealand before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of stick insects of New Zealand ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of stick insects of New Zealand

In research: List of stick insects of New Zealand appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of stick insects of New Zealand in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of stick insects of New Zealand is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Insects of New Zealand, Lists of animals of New Zealand, Lists of insects, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of stick insects of New Zealand outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

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