This page lists substances used in ritual context. Psychoactive substances may be illegal to obtain, while non-psychoactive substances are legal, generally.
Psychoactive use
This sections lists entheogens; drugs that are consumed for their intoxicating effect in combination with spiritual practice.
Hallucinogens used in rituals This is a list of species and genera that are used as entheogens or are used in an entheogenic concoction (such as ayahuasca). For ritualistic use they may be classified as hallucinogens. The active principles and historical significance of each are also listed to illustrate the requirements necessary to be categorized as an entheogen. The psychoactive substances are usually classified as soft drugs in terms of drug harmfulness.
Animal
Mushroom
Plant
Chemicals Many man-made chemicals with little human history have been recognized to catalyze intense spiritual experiences, and many synthetic entheogens are simply slight modifications of their naturally occurring counterparts. Some synthetic substances like 4-AcO-DMT are thought to be prodrugs that metabolize into psychoactive substances that have been used as entheogens. While synthetic DMT and mescaline are reported to have identical entheogenic qualities as extracted or plant-based sources, the experience may wildly vary due to the lack of numerous psychoactive alkaloids that constitute the material. This is similar to how isolated THC produces very different effects than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as cannabidiol and cannabinol. A pharmaceutical version of the entheogenic brew ayahuasca is called Pharmahuasca.
Prodrugs
This page lists non-psychedelic psychoactive substances which are consumed in ritual contexts for their consciousness-altering effects. Non-psychoactive consumption like symbolic ingestion of psychoactive substances is not mentioned here.
Non-hallucinogenic substances used in rituals This is a list of psychoactive substances which are consumed in ritual contexts for their consciousness-altering effects. Some of these drugs are classified as hard drugs in terms of drug harmfulness.
Plant The plant parts are listed to prevent accidents. For example, kava roots should always be used because the leaves of the plant are known to cause hepatoxicity and death.
Alcohol
Chemicals
Poly drug use
Alternative medicine
Animal
Complements to psychoactive substances
Sober use
Non-psychoactive substances
Psychoactive substances Shown in the table below, Aztec tobacco, morning glories, and Syrian rue (also listed in the § Psychoactive use table), and cacao beans are (mildly) psychoactive when consumed.
Psychedelic substances used in sober rituals
Flora
Non-psychedelic substances used in sober rituals
Alcohol
See also
References
Works cited Rätsch, Christian (2005). The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: ethnopharmacology and its applications. Rochester, Vt, United States: Park Street Press. ISBN 978-0-89281-978-2. Internet Archive EPub file – freely downloadable (37Mb) Snellgrove, David L. (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors. London: Serindia. Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012). Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-57179-1.
Databases "Search the databases", Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) USDA online database compiled from: Duke, James A. (1992). Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants (First ed.). Boca Raton, United States: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3672-0. OCLC 25874249.
Further reading
