An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process in another part of the body. There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes, for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more. Other diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hypertension are commonly found to have associated ocular symptoms.
Systemic allergic diseases Asthma Atopic dermatitis Atopic eczema Hay fever Urticaria Vernal conjunctivitis
Skin and mucous membrane diseases Acne rosacea Albinism Atopic dermatitis Behçet's disease Cicatricial pemphigoid Ehlers–Danlos syndrome Epidermolysis bullosa Erythema multiforme Goltz–Gorlin syndrome Ichthyosis Incontinentia pigmenti Nevus of Ota Pemphigus Pseudoxanthoma elasticum Psoriasis Stevens–Johnson syndrome (Erythema multiforme major) Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome Xeroderma pigmentosum
Phacomatoses Angiomatosis retinae (Von Hippel–Lindau disease) (retinocerebellar capillary hemangiomatosis) Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis–Bar syndrome) Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis (Sturge–Weber syndrome) (encephalofacial cavernous hemangiomatosis) Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville's syndrome) Wyburn–Mason syndrome (racemose hemangiomatosis)
Collagen diseases Ankylosing spondylitis Dermatomyositis Periarteritis nodosa Reactive arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Sarcoidosis Scleroderma Systemic lupus erythematosus Temporal arteritis Relapsing polychondritis Granulomatosis with polyangiitis 50-60% have ophthalmologic manifestations, which can be a presenting feature in a minority of patients. Orbital disease is the most common manifestation, and may result in proptosis, restrictive ophthalmopathy, chronic orbital pain, and in chronic cases, orbital retraction syndrome and intractable socket pain. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis may also cause inflammation of the optic nerve, ophthalmoplegia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, scleritis, episcleritis, dacrocystitis, nasolacrimnal duct obstruction, dacroadenitis, uveitis, and retinal vasculitis.
Systemic viral infections Varicella (chickenpox) Rubeola (measles) Rubella (German measles) Variola (smallpox) Vaccinia Herpes simplex Herpes zoster Mumps Infectious mononucleosis Influenza Cytomegalic inclusion disease Pharyngoconjunctival fever (adenovirus 3) Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (adenovirus 8) Human immunodeficiency virus (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Ebola Rift Valley Fever Dengue Hantavirus
Systemic bacterial infections Gonorrhea (ophthalmia neonatorum) Brucellosis Diphtheria Lyme disease Sepsis (bacterial metastatic endophthalmitis) Tularemia Leprosy (Hansen's disease) Tuberculosis Syphilis
Systemic protozoal infections Lymphogranuloma venereum (chlamydial) Inclusion conjunctivitis (chlamydial) Malaria Toxoplasmosis
Systemic fungal infections Candida albicans Histoplasmosis Coccidioidomycosis Cryptococcus Metastatic fungal endophthalmitis Actinomyces Streptothrix
Systemic cestode and nematode infections Cysticercosis (tapeworm) Echinococcosis (hydatid cyst) Toxocariasis (toxocara) Trichinosis (trichinella) Onchocerciasis Loiasis (loa loa)
Chromosomal disorders and genetic syndromes Cri-du chat syndrome Schmid–Fraccaro syndrome Turner's syndrome Ring-D chromosome Monosomy-G syndrome Trisomy 13 (Patau's syndrome, D-syndrome) Trisomy 18 (Edwards' syndrome, E-syndrome) Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) Deletion of long arm of chromosome 18 Deletion of chromosome 18 Ciliopathic genetic syndromes—A number of widely variant genetic disorders with occular phenotypes have been identified with genotypical ciliopathy.
Hematologic diseases Anemia
Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular diseases Arteriosclerosis Hypertension Pre-eclampsia (toxemia of pregnancy) Occlusive vascular disease (sudden) Emboli and thrombi Central retinal artery occlusion Cardiac myxoma Cranial arteritis Sickle cell attack Occlusive vascular disease (slow, progressive) Carotid artery disease Arterial spasm (TIA) Diabetes mellitus Collagen diseases Venous occlusive disease Thrombosis Use of hormonal contraception Endocarditis Myxoma Aortic arch syndrome (takayasu) Pre-eclampsia (toxemia of pregnancy) Thromboangiitis obliterans Hereditary telangiectasia (Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome)
Endocrine diseases Cushing's disease Addison's disease Diabetes mellitus Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
Gastrointestinal and nutritional disorders Alcoholism Crohn's disease Liver disease Malnutrition Peptic ulcer disease Pancreatic disease Regional enteritis or ulcerative colitis Vitamin A deficiency Vitamin B deficiency Vitamin C deficiency Hypervitaminosis A, B, and D Whipple's disease
Metabolic disorders Albinism Alkaptonuria Amyloidosis Chediak–Higashi syndrome Cystinosis Fabry's disease Galactosemia Gaucher's disease Gout Hemochromatosis Histiocytosis Homocystinuria Lipidoses Marfan's syndrome Weill–Marchesani syndrome Mucopolysaccharidosis Niemann–Pick disease Osteogenesis imperfecta Wilson's disease
Musculoskeletal disease Albright's disease (fibrous dysplasia of bone) Apert syndrome Conradi's syndrome Craniofacial syndromes Facial deformity syndromes Muscular dystrophy disorders Myasthenia gravis Osteogenesis imperfecta Paget's disease Osteoporosis
Pulmonary diseases Asthma Bronchogenic carcinoma Bronchiectasis Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas Emphysema Pneumonias Tuberculosis
Renal disease Alport's syndrome Azotemia (acute and chronic pyelonephritis) Lowe's syndrome Medullary cystic disease Nephrotic syndrome (acute glomerulonephritis, diabetic kidney, system lupus erythematosus) Renal transplantation Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma)
Neoplastic diseases with ocular metastases Carcinoma and sites of primary lesions Blood Leukemia Lymphoma Breast Colon Kidney Lung Genital organs Ovary or cervix Testis or prostate Skin Melanoma Gut Stomach Pancreas Thyroid
See also List of cutaneous conditions
References Pavan-Langston, Deborah (1990). Manual of Ocular Diagnosis and Therapy. Little, Brown and Company.