science

List of systems of plant taxonomy

List of systems of plant taxonomy is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of systems of plant taxonomy rather than just read about it. In short: This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification. A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa.

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Reference excerpt

This list of systems of plant taxonomy presents "taxonomic systems" used in plant classification. A taxonomic system is a coherent whole of taxonomic judgments on circumscription and placement of the considered taxa. It is only a "system" if it is applied to a large group of such taxa (for example, all the flowering plants). There are two main criteria for this list. A system must be taxonomic, that is deal with many plants, by their botanical names. Secondly it must be a system, i.e. deal with the relationships of plants. Although thinking about relationships of plants had started much earlier (see history of plant systematics), such systems really only came into being in the 19th century, as a result of an ever-increasing influx from all over the world of newly discovered plant species. The 18th century saw some early systems, which are perhaps precursors rather than full taxonomic systems. A milestone event was the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus which serves as the starting point of binomial nomenclature for plants, but it does not deal with relationships, beyond assigning plants into genera. Systems are not necessarily monolithic; they often go through several stages of development, resulting in several versions. When a system is widely adopted, many authors adopt their own particular version. The Cronquist system exists in many versions.

Chronological list of systems

Pre-Linnaean

Theophrastus classification Historia Plantarum (Enquiry into Plants), c. 300 BC Causes of Plants, c. 300 BC Dioscorides classification De Materia Medica, c. 60 AD Albertus Magnus classification De Vegetabilibus, c. 1256 [1] Caesalpino classification De plantis libri XVI, 1583 John Gerard classification Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597 Gaspard Bauhin classification Pinax theatri botanici, 1623 John Ray classification Historia Plantarum, 1686–1704 Tournefort classification Éléments de botanique, 1694

From Linnaeus to Darwin (pre-Darwinian) Linnaean systems Systema Naturae, 1st edition, 1735. Systema Naturae, 10th edition, 1758 (vol. 1), 1759 (vol. 2). Starting point of zoological nomenclature. Species Plantarum, 1753. Starting point of botanical nomenclature. Genera Plantarum, 1737 (1st ed.), 1753 (5th ed.). Philosophia Botanica, 1751. Adanson system Familles naturelles des plantes, 1763. de Jussieu system A.L. de Jussieu (1789). Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam. apud viduam Herissant, typographum, viâ novâ B. M. sub signo Crucis aureæ. (available online at Gallica) de Candolle system A. P. de Candolle (1819). Théorie Élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux (2nd ed.). A. P. de Candolle; et al. (1824–1873). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. (available online at Gallica) Berchtold and Presl system Berchtold and Presl. O Prirozenosti Rostlin 1820 Dumortier system Dumortier, Barthélemy-Charles (1829). Analyse des familles des plantes: avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent (in French). Tournay: Casterman. Retrieved 16 January 2016. Lindley system Lindley (1830). An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. (available online at BHL) Lindley (1845). The Vegetable Kingdom. (available online at BHL) Bentham & Hooker system G. Bentham; J.D. Hooker (1862–1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. 3 volumes. (available online at Gallica) Baillon system H. Baillon (1867–1894). Histoire des plantes. 13 volumes.

Post Darwinian (Phyletic)

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Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of systems of plant taxonomy

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of systems of plant taxonomy claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of systems of plant taxonomy before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of systems of plant taxonomy ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of systems of plant taxonomy

In research: List of systems of plant taxonomy appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of systems of plant taxonomy in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of systems of plant taxonomy is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Systems of plant taxonomy, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of systems of plant taxonomy outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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