science

List of tardigrades of South Africa

List of tardigrades of South Africa is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of tardigrades of South Africa rather than just read about it. In short: The list of tardigrades of South Africa is a list of species that form a part of the phylum Tardigrada of the fauna of South Africa. The list follows the SANBI listing.

Key takeaways

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Reference excerpt

The list of tardigrades of South Africa is a list of species that form a part of the phylum Tardigrada of the fauna of South Africa. The list follows the SANBI listing. Tardigrades ( ), also known as water bears or moss piglets, are a phylum of eight-legged segmented micro-animals. They were first described by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773, who called them Kleiner Wasserbär 'little water bear'. In 1776, the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani named them Tardigrada, which means "slow walkers". Tardigrades live in diverse regions of Earth's biosphere: mountaintops, the deep sea, tropical rainforests, and the Antarctic. They are among the most resilient animals known, with individual species able to survive severe conditions — such as exposure to extreme temperatures, extreme pressures (both high and low), air deprivation, radiation, dehydration, and starvation — that would quickly kill most other forms of life. They have survived exposure to outer space. There are about 1,500 known species in the phylum Tardigrada, a part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa. The earliest known fossil is from the Cambrian, some 500 million years ago. They lack several of the Hox genes found in arthropods, and the middle region of the body corresponding to an arthropod's thorax and abdomen. Instead, most of their body is homologous to an arthropod's head. Tardigrades are usually about 0.5 mm (0.02 in) long when fully grown. They are short and plump, with four pairs of legs, each ending in claws (usually four to eight) or sticky pads. Tardigrades are prevalent in mosses and lichens and can readily be collected and viewed under a low-power microscope, making them accessible to students and amateur scientists. Their clumsy crawling and their well-known ability to survive extreme conditions have brought them into science fiction and popular culture including items of clothing, statues, soft toys and crochet patterns. (Full article...) Where common names are given, they are not necessarily the only common names in use for the species.

Class Heterotardigrada

Order Echiniscoidea

Family Echiniscidae Genus Echiniscus:

Echiniscus africanus Murray, 1907 Echiniscus arctomys Ehrenberg, 1853 Echiniscus crassispinosus Murray, 1907 Echiniscus duboisi Richters, 1902 Echiniscus longispinosus Murray, 1907 Echlniscus perarmatus Murray, 1907 Echiuiscus pusae Marcus, 1928 Genus Pseudechiniscus:

Pseudechiniscus bispinosus (Murray, 1907) Pseudechiniscus jiroveci Bartos, 1963 Pseudechiniscus suillus Ehrenberg, 1853), syn. Echiniscus mutabilis Murray, 1905, Pseudechiniscus suillus suillus (Ehrenberg, 1853)

Class Eutardigrada

Order Parachela

Family Hypsibiidae Genus Doryphoribius:

Doryphoribius flavus (Iharos, 1966), syn. Doryphoribius citrinus, (Maucci, 1972), Hypsibius citrinus Maucci, 1973 Genus Hypsibius:

Hypsibius convergens (Urbanowicz, 1925), syn. Macrobiotus convergens Urbanowicz, 1925 Hypsibius dujardini (Doyère, 1840), syn. Hypsibius lacustris (Doyère, 1851), Macrobiotus dujardin Doyère, 1840, Macrobiotus dujardini Doyère, 1840, Macrobiotus samoanus Richters, 1908 Hypsibius maculatus (Iharos, 1969) Genus Isohypsibius:

Isohypsibius deconincki Pilato, 1971 Isohypsibius nodosus (Murray, 1907), syn. Hypsibius nodosus (Murray, 1907), Macrobiotus nodosus Murray, 1907 Isohypsibius sattleri (Richters, 1902), syn. Hypsibius bakonyiensis Iharos, 1964, Hypsibius sattleri (Richters, 1902), Isohypsibius bakonyiensis (Iharos, 1964), Macrobiotus sattleri Richters, 1902 Genus Ramazzottius:

Ramazzottius szeptycki (Dastych, 1980), syn. Hypsibius szeptycki Dastych, 1980, Ramazzottius szepticki (Dastych, 1980) Ramazzottius theroni Dastych, 1983 Genus Diphascon:

Diphascon scoticum Murray, 1905, syn. Adropion scoticum Murray, 1905, Hypsibius scoticus (Murray, 1905) Diphascon zaniewi Kaczmarek & Michalczyk, 2004 Genus Paradiphascon:

Paradiphascon manningi Dastych, 1992 Genus Astatumen:

Astatumen trinacriae (Arcidiacono, 1962), syn. Astatumen ramazzottii (Iharos, 1966), Itaquascon ramazzottii Iharos, 1966, Itaquascon trinacriae Arcidiacono, 1962

Family Calohypsibiidae Genus Haplomacrobiotus:

Haplomacrobiotus seductor Pilato & Beasley, 1987

Family Macrobiotidae Genus Calcarobiotus:

Calcarobiotus filmeri Dastych, 1993 Calcarobiotus occultus Dastych, 1993 Genus Macrobiotus:

Macrobiotus drakensbergi Dastych, 1993 Macrobiotus echinogenitus Richters, 1904 Macrobiotus furciger Murray, 1906, syn. Macrobiotus furciger Murray, 1907 Macrobiotus hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze, 1834, syn. Macrobiotus eminens Ehrenberg, 1895, Macrobiotus hufelandii C.A.S. Schultze, 1834, Macrobiotus interruptus Della Valle, 1914 Macrobiotus nuragicus Pilato & Sperlinga, 1975 Macrobiotus richtersi Murray, 1911 Macrobiotus iharosi Pilato, Binda & Catanzaro, 1991 Macrobiotus crassidens (Murray, 1907) Genus Minibiotus:

Minibiotus hufelandioides (Murray, 1910), syn. Macrobiotus hufelandioides Murray, 1910 Minibiotus intermedius (Plate, 1888), syn. Macrobiotus intermedius Plate, 1889, Macrobiotus intermedius intermedius Plate, 1889

Order Apochela

Family Milnesiidae Genus Milnesium:

Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840, syn. Arcrophanes schlagintweitii Ehrenberg, 1859, Arctiscon tardigradum Schrank, 1803

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of tardigrades of South Africa

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of tardigrades of South Africa claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of tardigrades of South Africa before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of tardigrades of South Africa ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of tardigrades of South Africa

In research: List of tardigrades of South Africa appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of tardigrades of South Africa in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of tardigrades of South Africa is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Invertebrates of South Africa, Lists of invertebrates, Tardigrades, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of tardigrades of South Africa outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

What is List of tardigrades of South Africa in simple terms?

The list of tardigrades of South Africa is a list of species that form a part of the phylum Tardigrada of the fauna of South Africa. The list follows the SANBI listing.

Why does List of tardigrades of South Africa matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study List of tardigrades of South Africa?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on List of tardigrades of South Africa.