biology

Lone Gram

Lone Gram is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Lone Gram rather than just read about it. In short: Lone Gram is Danish microbiologist known for her work in bacterial physiology, microbial communication, and biochemicals that originate from bacterial cultures. She is an elected member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters and has received the Order of the Dannebrog.

Key takeaways

Lone Gram belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Lone Gram to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Lone Gram from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Lone Gram is Danish microbiologist known for her work in bacterial physiology, microbial communication, and biochemicals that originate from bacterial cultures. She is an elected member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters and has received the Order of the Dannebrog.

Education and career Gram's first microbiology course led her away from her initial career interests in medicine, and into marine bacteria. Gram has both an M.Sc. (1985) and a Ph.D. (1989) from the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Denmark. Following her Ph.D., Gram joined the Technological Laboratory of the Danish Ministry of Fishes. In 2010 she was promoted to professor at the Technical University of Denmark. Gram has also spent time working at Harvard Medical School and at the University of New South Wales.

Research Gram's research centers on the physiology of bacteria in the environment and using bacteria for biotechnology. Her early research examined variability in the bacteria found in spoiled fish, removing bacterial biofilms, and preventing biofilms using compounds from the red algae Delisea pulchra. She has examined the interactions across different species of bacteria, and the production of compounds that send messages among bacteria. Her research includes investigations bacterial attachment to surfaces, and quantification of hydrogen sulfide production by bacteria associated with fish. From 2006 until 2007, Gram participated in the Galathea 3 expeditions, and she is using the bacterial cultures initiated during the project to mine bacteria for chemical compounds that may be useful to people. Gram's research extends to investigations of the global distribution of bacterial species, and an examination of how the presence of varying nutrients alters the chemical compounds produced by bacteria.

Selected publications Gram, Lone; Huss, Hans Henrik (1996-11-01). "Microbiological spoilage of fish and fish products". International Journal of Food Microbiology. Specific Spoilage Organisms. 33 (1): 121–137. doi:10.1016/0168-1605(96)01134-8. ISSN 0168-1605. PMID 8913813. Gram, Lone; Melchiorsen, Jette; Spanggaard, Bettina; Huber, Ingrid; Nielsen, Torben F. (1999-03-01). "Inhibition of Vibrio anguillarum byPseudomonas fluorescens AH2, a Possible Probiotic Treatment of Fish". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65 (3): 969–973. Bibcode:1999ApEnM..65..969G. doi:10.1128/AEM.65.3.969-973.1999. PMC 91130. PMID 10049849. Huber, I.; Spanggaard, B.; Appel, K.F.; Rossen, L.; Nielsen, T.; Gram, L. (2004). "Phylogenetic analysis and in situ identification of the intestinal microbial community of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum)". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 96 (1): 117–132. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02109.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 14678165. S2CID 23137898. Gram, Lone; Grossart, Hans-Peter; Schlingloff, Andrea; Kiørboe, Thomas (2002). "Possible Quorum Sensing in Marine Snow Bacteria: Production of Acylated Homoserine Lactones by Roseobacter Strains Isolated from Marine Snow". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 68 (8): 4111–4116. Bibcode:2002ApEnM..68.4111G. doi:10.1128/aem.68.8.4111-4116.2002. ISSN 4111-4116. PMC 123997. PMID 12147515.

Awards and honors In 2008, Gram received Tagea Brandt Rejselegat, an award given to Danish women to recognize significant contributions in science, literature, or art. In 2016, Gram received the Villum Kann Rasmussen Annual Award in Science and Technology, which is given in recognition of "a particularly valuable contribution to the technical and natural sciences". In 2018, she received the Order of the Dannebrog. In 2020, Gram was elected a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.

Personal life Gram's great-grandfather was Hans Christian Gram who developed the Gram stain, a commonly used technique in microbial ecology. Gram is also distantly related to the Danish historian Hans Gram.

References

External links Lone Gram publications indexed by Google Scholar

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Lone Gram

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Lone Gram claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Lone Gram before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Lone Gram ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Lone Gram

In research: Lone Gram appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Lone Gram in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Lone Gram is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1960 births, 21st-century Danish scientists, 21st-century Danish women scientists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Lone Gram outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Lone Gram in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Lone Gram means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Lone Gram out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Lone Gram in simple terms?

Why does Lone Gram matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Lone Gram?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Lone Gram.