science

Louisa Margaret Dunkley

Louisa Margaret Dunkley is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Louisa Margaret Dunkley rather than just read about it. In short: Louisa Margaret Dunkley (28 May 1866 – 10 March 1927) was an Australian telegraphist and labor organizer who successfully campaigned for the right for women to obtain equal pay for equal work in the Australian commonwealth public service. Early life and education Louisa Margaret Dunkley was born in Richmond, Melbourne, Australia.

Key takeaways

Louisa Margaret Dunkley belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
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Reproduce the core statement of Louisa Margaret Dunkley from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Louisa Margaret Dunkley (28 May 1866 – 10 March 1927) was an Australian telegraphist and labor organizer who successfully campaigned for the right for women to obtain equal pay for equal work in the Australian commonwealth public service.

Early life and education Louisa Margaret Dunkley was born in Richmond, Melbourne, Australia. She was the daughter of William James Dunkley, a boot importer, and Mary Ann Regan, both from London, England. She was educated at Catholic girls schools.

Career Dunkley began to work for the Postmaster-General's Department in 1882. She studied telegraphy, passing the Public Service Examination on 11 June 1887 and went on to become an operator in 1888, working in the Melbourne metropolitan post and telegraph offices. In 1890 she qualified as a telegraphist and was promoted to a position in the Chief Telegraph Office. While working as a telegraphist in the early 1890s, she became aware of the unequal pay and working conditions of the female operators. Learning of efforts by women telegraphists in New South Wales to achieve equality in pay and status, she formed a committee to advocate for similar improvements in the Post and Telegraph Department of Victoria. While her efforts resulted in pay increases for the women operators, they did not achieve equality with the male operators, and the resulting controversy resulted in her being transferred to a remote post office. In 1900, Dunkley and other operators established the Victorian Women's Post and Telegraph Association in order to advocate for equal pay and working conditions. Mrs. Webb, a postmistress, was elected president, and Dunkley was elected vice president and spokesperson (1900–1904). She was elected as a delegate to a conference of telegraphists in Sydney in October 1900, and there presented her case for equality under the new Commonwealth Public Service conditions. While some at the conference opposed her, she was able to secure the support of Parliament, and, as a result, a provision for equal pay for female telegraphists and postmistresses was included in the Commonwealth Public Service Act 1902. The Victorian Women's Post and Telegraph Association continued to exist within the Australian Commonwealth Post and Telegraph Association, first as a state association and then a state branch of the federal body, until 1920.

Personal life and recognition On 23 December 1903, Dunkley married Edward Charles Kraegen, in Oakleigh, Victoria secretary of the New South Wales and Commonwealth Post and Telegraph associations (1885–1904), and left the Post and Telegraph service. Edward Kraegen was the son of Carl Wilhelm Kraegen, who also worked in the postal and telegraph service, including serving as the first station master at the Overland Telegraph Line Repeater Station at the Peake, in South Australia. The couple had a daughter born in 1904, and a son born in 1906.

Louisa Margaret Dunkley Kraegen died of cancer that was not identified, on 10 March 1927 in Longueville, Sydney, and is buried in Northern Suburbs Cemetery. The Victorian federal electorate of Dunkley is named after her, as is Dunkley Place in the Canberra suburb of Spence.

References

Further reading "Louisa Margaret Dunkley". The Australian Women's Register. Retrieved 4 March 2011. Baker, J. S. Communicators and Their First Trade Unions (Sydney, 1980); Men, Machines, History: The History of the Early Telegraph and Post Office Associations of Australia (State Library of New South Wales). Stevens, Joyce. Women, Politics, and Equal Pay, The Hummer Vol. 2, No. 9 (Sydney, 1997); http://asslh.org.au/hummer/vol-2-no-9/women-politics/ Frances, Raelene. Authentic Leaders: Women and Leadership in Australian Unions before World War II, Labour History, No. 104 (May 2013), pp. 9–30, Published by: Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Inc. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5263/labourhistory.104.0009 Accessed: 17-12-2017 01:15 UTC

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Louisa Margaret Dunkley

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Louisa Margaret Dunkley claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Louisa Margaret Dunkley before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Louisa Margaret Dunkley ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Louisa Margaret Dunkley

In research: Louisa Margaret Dunkley appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Louisa Margaret Dunkley in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Louisa Margaret Dunkley is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1866 births, 1927 deaths, 20th-century Australian women, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Louisa Margaret Dunkley outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Louisa Margaret Dunkley in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Louisa Margaret Dunkley means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Louisa Margaret Dunkley out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Louisa Margaret Dunkley in simple terms?

Why does Louisa Margaret Dunkley matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Louisa Margaret Dunkley?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Louisa Margaret Dunkley.