biology

MS100a7a15

MS100a7a15 is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand MS100a7a15 rather than just read about it. In short: The S100 calcium-binding protein mS100a7a15 is the murine ortholog of human S100A7 (Psoriasin) and human S100A15 (Koebnerisin). mS100a7a15 is also known as S100a15, mS100a7 and mS100a7a and is encoded by the mS100a7a gene (alias: S100a15) S100 proteins are a diverse calcium-binding family that mediate fundamental cellular and extracellular processes including cell proliferation and differentiation, cell migration, a…

Key takeaways

MS100a7a15 belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect MS100a7a15 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of MS100a7a15 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The S100 calcium-binding protein mS100a7a15 is the murine ortholog of human S100A7 (Psoriasin) and human S100A15 (Koebnerisin). mS100a7a15 is also known as S100a15, mS100a7 and mS100a7a and is encoded by the mS100a7a gene (alias: S100a15) S100 proteins are a diverse calcium-binding family that mediate fundamental cellular and extracellular processes including cell proliferation and differentiation, cell migration, and the antimicrobial host defense as antimicrobial peptides. mS100a7a15 was first cloned as mS100a15 from adult mouse skin (FVB/N mice, clone RP1-128L15, accession no.: AL591704). Today, the protein is of further interest because of its role in innate immunity, epidermal cell maturation and epithelial tumorigenesis. Additionally, it can serve as surrogate model to study hS100A7 and hS100A15 functions.

Function

Epithelial homeostasis and antimicrobial host defence Skin: In new-born mouse skin, mS100a7a15 is localized to the epidermal granular and cornified layers of the interfollicular epidermis and to the maturing cells of hair follicles. In maturing keratinocytes, mS100a7a15 is induced by calcium mediated differentiation dependent on protein kinase C (PKC). It is upregulated in a TLR4 dependent manner by E. coli stimulation and might have antimicrobial effects against E. coli like its human counterparts. In the dermis, it is expressed by the smooth muscle cells of the panniculus carnosus. Breast: mS100a7a15 is weakly expressed in normal mammary gland tissue.

Epithelial Carcinogenesis Breast cancer: mS100a7a15 is upregulated in DMBA induced mammary gland tumors confined to epithelial tumor cells. mS100a7a15 overexpression in mammary epithelial cells enhances proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis through induction of prometastatic and angiogenic factors like CCL2, Cox-2, MMP2, MMP9 and VEGF. Furthermore mS100a7a15 recruits tumor-associated-macrophages (TAM) through RAGE and Stat3 activation to promote tumorigenesis.

Inflammation mS100a7a15 is upregulated in inflamed skin. TPA (12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), a potent PKC activator, induces mS100a7a15 expression. TPA induces mS100a7a15 through AP-1 but not NF-κB. Similar to psoriasin, mS100a7a15 recruits leukocytes and induces proinflammatory chemokines as well as cytokines in keratinocytes through RAGE activation as an alarmin. Similar to its human counterparts, mS100a7a15 mediates inflammation through RAGE (like psoriasin) and through an unknown receptor (like koebnerisin). A bi-transgenic mouse model (K5-tTA/TetOmS100a7a15) that expresses abundant mS100a7a15 throughout the basal epidermal layer showed an increased infiltration of CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes into the skin that was associated with an increased production of Th1 and Th17 cytokines and cathelicidin/LL-37.

Special characteristics

Genomic organization and mRNA splice variants mS100a7a15 is encoded within the murine equivalent of the human EDC on chromosome 3qF1. The mouse transcript is organized in three exons and two introns, spanning an open reading frame of 327 nucleotides.

Protein The deduced mS100a7a15 protein sequence has two helix-loop-helix motifs corresponding to the for S100 proteins typical conserved C-terminal and a variant N-terminal EF-hand calcium binding sites. The translated mS100a7a15 protein features 109 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 12.87 kDa and a predicted pI of 6.18.

Evolution The mS100a7a15 gene is encoded in a single genomic region on chromosome 3qF1 that corresponds to the human chromosome 1q21 where psoriasin (S100A7) and koebnerisin (S100A15) are encoded. This indicates that the mS100a7a15 gene is close to the ancestor of the human orthologs.

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with MS100a7a15

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what MS100a7a15 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to MS100a7a15 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about MS100a7a15 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of MS100a7a15

In research: MS100a7a15 appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses MS100a7a15 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: MS100a7a15 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Antimicrobial peptides, Cell movement, Mouse proteins, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for MS100a7a15 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study MS100a7a15 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what MS100a7a15 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain MS100a7a15 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is MS100a7a15 in simple terms?

Why does MS100a7a15 matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study MS100a7a15?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on MS100a7a15.