science

Marcos Espinal

Marcos Espinal is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Marcos Espinal rather than just read about it. In short: Marcos Espinal is currently the Director of the Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization (WHO). Dr Espinal's portfolio includes several areas of work: neglected, tropical & vector-borne diseases; risk and outbreak communication; HIV, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis & STIs; health information & ana…

Key takeaways

Marcos Espinal belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Marcos Espinal to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Marcos Espinal from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Marcos Espinal is currently the Director of the Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization (WHO). Dr Espinal's portfolio includes several areas of work: neglected, tropical & vector-borne diseases; risk and outbreak communication; HIV, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis & STIs; health information & analysis; water & sanitation, and veterinary public health.

Biography

Education Espinal, a national of the Dominican Republic, holds a medical degree from the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (1985); he is a pediatrician, with three years of residency at the Robert Reid Children's Hospital of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. He obtained a master's degree in public health (1990) and a doctorate in public health (1995) from the University of California at Berkeley School of Public Health.

Career Espinal's work experience includes positions in the Ministry of Health of the Dominican Republic and the National Center for Research on Maternal and Child Health; the New York City Public Health Department; and the WHO. Before joining PAHO, Espinal served as Executive Secretary of the WHO Stop TB Partnership, a global movement aiming at the elimination of TB as a public health problem. Espinal has published more than 100 publications in the field of communicable diseases and is a recipient of the Scientific Prize of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, the Albert and Mildred Krueger Memorial Fellowship, and a graduate scholarship from the John E. Fogarty International Center. In 2007, Espinal was awarded the Walter and Elise A. Hass International Award by the University of California at Berkeley for a distinguished record of service in international health; and in 2012, he was awarded the Princess Chichibu Memorial TB Global Award by the Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association.

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Marcos Espinal

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Marcos Espinal claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Marcos Espinal before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Marcos Espinal ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Marcos Espinal

In research: Marcos Espinal appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Marcos Espinal in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Marcos Espinal is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Caribbean public health doctors, Dominican Republic scientists, Living people, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Marcos Espinal outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Marcos Espinal in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Marcos Espinal means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Marcos Espinal out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Marcos Espinal in simple terms?

Why does Marcos Espinal matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Marcos Espinal?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Marcos Espinal.