biology

Margaret J.A. Simpson

Margaret J.A. Simpson is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Margaret J.A. Simpson rather than just read about it. In short: Margaret Jane Annand Bulfin (née Simpson) (1920–1996) was a Scotland-born New Zealand botanist, botanical collector, and mountaineer. She was an expert on New Zealand seeds and their germination, viability and identification, and as a Scientist at the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research she performed extensive field work including vegetation surveys in different areas of New Zealand.

Key takeaways

Margaret J.A. Simpson belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Margaret J.A. Simpson to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Margaret J.A. Simpson from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Margaret Jane Annand Bulfin (née Simpson) (1920–1996) was a Scotland-born New Zealand botanist, botanical collector, and mountaineer. She was an expert on New Zealand seeds and their germination, viability and identification, and as a Scientist at the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research she performed extensive field work including vegetation surveys in different areas of New Zealand. She co-authored the book Seeds of New Zealand Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons, and was awarded the Allan Mere Award for her contributions to New Zealand botany.

Early life Margaret Jane Annand Simpson was born in Scotland on 7 July 1920 and emigrated with her family to New Zealand when she was five years old. She grew up in the Bay of Plenty, and became an avid tramper, mountaineer and botanist.

Education and career Simpson received a Diploma of Horticulture at Massey Agricultural College (now Massey University) in 1945, and later a BSc at Auckland University. In 1950 she started working as a science technician in the Botany Division of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) with botanists Lucy Moore and Ruth Mason, first in Wellington and then in Christchurch and Lincoln. One of the projects Simpson assisted with early in her career was the curation of a fruit and seed collection, which she continued to work on for the next thirty years until she retired. Other projects she worked on included a long-term high-country vegetation field study at Molesworth Station, and a vegetation survey of Nelson Lakes National Park. For over a decade of the latter project, New Zealand horticulturalist Janet Moss was her field assistant and boatman. Simpson was appointed as DSIR Scientist in 1974, and her research focused on native New Zealand species' seed germination, viability and identification. She was a keen field botanist, and went on many field trips, often in the company of other women botanists as well as visiting international botanists. Although she retired in July 1985, she continued her research on seeds.

Legacy In 1991, Simpson received the New Zealand Botanical Society Allan Mere Award, which acknowledged her contribution to research on New Zealand seeds and their germination, including the valuable seed reference collection that she put together. Although she was not a taxonomist, Simpson named one species together with Lucy Moore: Myosotis brockiei L.B.Moore & M.J.A.Simpson. At least two plants have been named after her, both of which are found in Nelson Lakes National Park:

Epilobium margaretiae Brockie, a species of willowherb endemic to New Zealand Pseudocyphellaria margaretiae D.J.Galloway, a New Zealand lichen Simpson collected nearly 4,000 herbarium specimens over the course of her career, most of which are housed at the Allan Herbarium at Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research in Lincoln. She published a handful of scientific articles over the course of her scientific career, and these were published under her unmarried name, Margaret J.A. Simpson. In 2001 she co-authored a major book, Seeds of New Zealand Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons, with her colleague Colin J. Webb. Through her botanical field work, Simpson became interested in French naturalists who visited New Zealand, and she wrote short biographies of Jules Dumont d'Urville and Étienne Raoul, among others.

Personal life Simpson was an experienced mountaineer who summited numerous peaks in New Zealand, and elsewhere. She and her husband Raymond Alexander Bulfin lived near the banks of the Liffey in Lincoln, where she enjoyed gardening and music. Simpson died on 3 May 1996.

Important works Colin J. Webb; Margaret J.A. Simpson (2001), Seeds of New Zealand Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons, Caxton Press, Wikidata Q125388353 M.J.A. Simpson; R. Mason (1984). "The flora of the Canterbury dune system (New Brighton - Waipara) in the 1980's". New Zealand Natural Sciences. 11. doi:10.26021/349. ISSN 0113-7492. Wikidata Q97665384. M. J. A. Simpson (1974). "Senecio bifistulosus Hook. f. — A rare shrub endemic to New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 12 (4): 567–573. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1974.10428642. ISSN 0028-825X. Wikidata Q111344830. L.B. Moore; M.J.A. Simpson (March 1973). "A New Myosotis from North-west Nelson". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 11 (1): 163–170. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1973.10430270. ISSN 0028-825X. Wikidata Q55756342. L. B. Moore; M. J. A. Simpson (February 1961). "Row trials of grasses at Molesworth station". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 4 (1–2): 83–98. doi:10.1080/00288233.1961.10419923. ISSN 0028-8233. Wikidata Q119673031.

Authority abbreviation

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Margaret J.A. Simpson

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Margaret J.A. Simpson claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Margaret J.A. Simpson before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Margaret J.A. Simpson ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Margaret J.A. Simpson

In research: Margaret J.A. Simpson appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Margaret J.A. Simpson in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Margaret J.A. Simpson is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1920 births, 1996 deaths, 20th-century British women biologists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Margaret J.A. Simpson outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Margaret J.A. Simpson in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Margaret J.A. Simpson means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Margaret J.A. Simpson out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Margaret J.A. Simpson in simple terms?

Why does Margaret J.A. Simpson matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Margaret J.A. Simpson?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Margaret J.A. Simpson.