astronomy

Margarete Zuelzer

Margarete Zuelzer is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Margarete Zuelzer rather than just read about it. In short: Margarete Hedwig Zuelzer (7 February 1877 – 29 August 1943) was a German biologist and zoologist specializing in the study of protozoa. Biography Margarete Zuelzer was the daughter of Jewish textile manufacturer Julius Zuelzer (1838–1889) and Henriette née Friedlaender (1852–1931).

Key takeaways

Margarete Zuelzer belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Margarete Zuelzer to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Margarete Zuelzer from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Margarete Hedwig Zuelzer (7 February 1877 – 29 August 1943) was a German biologist and zoologist specializing in the study of protozoa.

Biography Margarete Zuelzer was the daughter of Jewish textile manufacturer Julius Zuelzer (1838–1889) and Henriette née Friedlaender (1852–1931). She studied natural sciences at the Humboldt University of Berlin and at the University of Heidelberg. She was among the first generation of women to officially attend university in Germany. Studying science in particular was so unusual for a woman at the time that Zuelzer had to get special permission from each of her professors to attend their classes. She earned her doctorate in 1904 with a dissertation on Difflugia urceolata Carter, a protozoan. This made her the 37th woman to have earned a doctorate at the University of Heidelberg and the sixth to have earned one from its faculty of natural sciences. In 1907, she became the assistant at the water treatment center in Berlin. In 1916, she took a position at the Imperial Ministry of Health (Kaiserliches Gesundheitsamt), later the Reich's Ministry of Health (Reichsgesundheitsamt). After 1919, she led the Protozoa Laboratory in Berlin-Dahlem and continually served as one of the few women on the advisory board, sometimes the only one. From 1926 to 1929, she was invited by the Dutch government to carry out a research study on "Weil's disease" in the Dutch East Indies, specifically in Bali, Sumatra, and Java. There, she became friends with German-Dutch biologist Wilhelm Schüffner. In April 1933, she lost her position at the Protozoa Laboratory due to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which allowed civil servants of "non-Aryan descent" to be dismissed. Zuelzer wrote an appeal demonstrating her ancestors' support of German nationalism, but this made no difference. In October 1939, Zuelzer immigrated to the Netherlands, where she procured a position at the Institute for Tropical Hygiene, which was led by Wilhelm Schüffner. Her sister Gertrud Zuelzer, a noted painter, was arrested in September 1942 and sent to Theresienstadt after a failed attempt to flee Germany to Switzerland. Margarete sent Gertrud packages of clothing and colored pencils with which Gertrud drew portraits of other prisoners in exchange for food. Gertrud credited her sister Margarete's packages as the reason that she was able to survive. In April 1943, Margarete Zuelzer was forced to move into a Jewish ghetto in Amsterdam. On 21 May, she was sent to the Westerbork Transit Camp. Before her deportation, her friend and colleague Wilhelm Schüffner had attempted in vain to procure a special position for her. She died of starvation in the Westerbork Transit Camp on 23 August 1943, aged 66. In 2012, a Stolperstein ("stumbling stone") was laid in her memory at Eichkampstrasse 108 in Berlin, her last residence in the city.

Bibliography Bloch, Max. "Gertrud und Margarete Zuelzer. Zwei Schwestern im Holocaust." Aschkenas, Vol. 24 (2014), Issue 1, pp. 195–214. Bogdanov, Franziska. "Das Leben wird anders schauen nach dieser Schreckenszeit. Der Nachlass von Gertrud und Margarete Zuelzer im Jüdischen Museum Berlin." Journal of the Jewish Museum Berlin. Volume 13 (2015), pp. 40–41.

References

External links "Stumbling stone" (Stolperstein) for Margarete Zuelzer with biography (in German and English) Short biography on "Stolpersteine-Berlin" (in German)

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Margarete Zuelzer

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Margarete Zuelzer claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Margarete Zuelzer before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Margarete Zuelzer ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Margarete Zuelzer

In research: Margarete Zuelzer appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Margarete Zuelzer in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Margarete Zuelzer is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1877 births, 1943 deaths, 20th-century German women scientists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Margarete Zuelzer outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Ask Teacher Smith questions about this articleOpens your AI tutor with a question about “Margarete Zuelzer” →

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study Margarete Zuelzer in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Margarete Zuelzer means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Margarete Zuelzer out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Margarete Zuelzer in simple terms?

Margarete Hedwig Zuelzer (7 February 1877 – 29 August 1943) was a German biologist and zoologist specializing in the study of protozoa. Biography Margarete Zuelzer was the daughter of Jewish textile manufacturer Julius Zuelzer (1838–1889) and Henriette née Friedlaender (1852–1931).

Why does Margarete Zuelzer matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Margarete Zuelzer?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Margarete Zuelzer.