chemistry

Marianne Kreidl

Marianne Kreidl is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Marianne Kreidl rather than just read about it. In short: Marianne Kreidl (née von Bronneck, April 22, 1885, in Prague – September 9, 1979, in New York City, NY, USA), was one of the earliest women chemists to attend Vienna University. As a result of the occupation of Austria by the Nazis in March 1938, her assets were confiscated.

Key takeaways

Marianne Kreidl belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Marianne Kreidl to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Marianne Kreidl from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Marianne Kreidl (née von Bronneck, April 22, 1885, in Prague – September 9, 1979, in New York City, NY, USA), was one of the earliest women chemists to attend Vienna University. As a result of the occupation of Austria by the Nazis in March 1938, her assets were confiscated. She was able to emigrate to the United States, where she continued to do research at Madison Foundation for Biochemical Research and at New York Medical College.

Family Marianne Goldreich Edle von Bronneck was born on April 22, 1885, in Prague, which was then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Her father was Otto Goldreich Edler von Bronneck (1854–1913), a lawyer. Her grandfather was Philip Goldreich von Bronneck (1812–1885), a merchant and landowner. Her mother was Wilhelmine “Wilma” Pick (1865–1932), a daughter of Ernst Pick (-1934).

Education Marianne von Bronneck studied at the Ist Chemical Institute in 1908 with Josef Herzig (1853–1924). Her thesis was “Studien über Laktonfarbstoffe” (Studies on lactone dyes). Her publications in Europe tend to appear under her maiden name.

Austria Marianne von Bronneck married Alexander Kreidl (1879-1937). Alexander was an engineer. His brother Ignaz Kreidl was a chemist and industrialist. The brothers co-owned a number of patents. Alexander Kreidl died on December 29, 1937, in Vienna. Conditions in Austria worsened significantly as a result of the Anschluss on March 12, 1938, when Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany. As a Jew, Marianne was required to register her assets with the Assets Transfer Office of the Ministerium für Handel und Verkehr (Ministry of Commerce and Transportation) by a decree for Reporting of Jewish assets on April 26, 1938. They were subsequently confiscated. On the evening of March 18, 1938, less than a week after Austria was annexed, the records of the Federal Police Directorate of Vienna show that Ignaz Kreidl's home was searched by police officers. Marianne Kreidl and Hilde Mathé were present in addition to Ignaz Kreidl and his second wife Eva. Police officers took items including money, jewelry, and business letters. Ignaz Kreidl was arrested and imprisoned without charge. Soon after Eva Kreidl fell from the fourth floor of her home and died.

United States Marianne Kreidl was able to leave Vienna and emigrate to the United States in 1938. She moved to New York City, where she worked as a scientist at the Madison Foundation for Biochemical Research. In 1953, publishing under the name "Marianne Kreidl", she co-authored an article on a new cytological technique with Rudolph Keller and Bernard Chiego. By 1955 she was researching carbamate reactions in the calcium and phosphorus cycles, at the Department of Biochemistry at the New York Medical College. In later life Marianne Kreidl returned to Vienna, where she died on September 9, 1979. She is buried in Grinzinger Friedhof Cemetery.

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Marianne Kreidl

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Marianne Kreidl claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Marianne Kreidl before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Marianne Kreidl ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Marianne Kreidl

In research: Marianne Kreidl appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Marianne Kreidl in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Marianne Kreidl is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1885 births, 1979 deaths, 20th-century Austrian chemists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Marianne Kreidl outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Marianne Kreidl in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Marianne Kreidl means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Marianne Kreidl out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Marianne Kreidl in simple terms?

Why does Marianne Kreidl matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Marianne Kreidl?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Marianne Kreidl.