astronomy

Mars Cramer

Mars Cramer is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Mars Cramer rather than just read about it. In short: Jan Salomon (Mars) Cramer (28 April 1928 – 15 March 2014) was a Dutch economist, Professor of Statistics and Econometrics at the University of Amsterdam, known for his work of empirical econometrics. Biography Born in The Hague, Mars Cramer was the son of biologist and Professor P.

Key takeaways

Mars Cramer belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Mars Cramer to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Mars Cramer from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Jan Salomon (Mars) Cramer (28 April 1928 – 15 March 2014) was a Dutch economist, Professor of Statistics and Econometrics at the University of Amsterdam, known for his work of empirical econometrics.

Biography Born in The Hague, Mars Cramer was the son of biologist and Professor P. J. S. Cramer (1879–1952) He received his PhD in Mathematics in 1961 at the University of Amsterdam with a thesis entitled "A Statistical Model of the Ownership of Major Consumer Durables with an Application to some Findings of the 1953 Oxford Savings Survey" under supervision of Pieter de Wolff. In the 1950s Cramer started his career as researcher for the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. After graduation in 1961 at the University of Amsterdam he was appointed Professor of Econometrics, a newly established chair. He was Director of the SEO Economic Research from 1985 to 1992 as successor of Wim Driehuis. Among his doctoral students were Arnold Merkies (1972), Geert Ridder (1987) and Mirjam van Praag (2005). In 1980 Cramer was elected member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and later Fellow of the Tinbergen Institute. Cramer died on 15 March 2014 in Amsterdam The University of Amsterdam's Faculty of Economics and Business (2014) recalled that "Mars was known for his originality and his wit. He possessed a genuine academic curiosity and a rather characteristic style of writing. For example, his research into the velocity of money led him to study the velocity of particular coins. As a student he served as editor of the literary student periodical Propria Cures, and he continued to intermittently publish short stories and opinion pieces. In 2012, the Washington Post published his moving account of his wife Til’s euthanasia four years earlier." Cramer "continued working on new research projects and contributing to the supervision of students until the very last day before his passing."

Publications Cramer authored and co-authored numerous publications in the field of econometrics. Books, a selection:

1958. Economic forecasts and policy. With Henri Theil assisted by J.S. Cramer, H. Moerman, and A. Russchen. 1961. A Statistical Model of the Ownership of Major Consumer Durables with an Application to some Findings of the 1953 Oxford Savings Survey. 1969. Empirical econometrics. Amsterdam : North-Holland Pub. Co. 1991. The logit model: an introduction for economists. London: Edward Arnold. 2003. Logit models from economics and other fields. Cambridge University Press, 2003. Articles, a selection:

Cramer, Jan Salomon (1987). "Mean and variance of R 2 {\displaystyle R^{2}} in small and moderate samples". Journal of Econometrics. 35 (2): 253–266. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(87)90027-3. Cramer, Jan Salomon; Ridder, Geert (1991). "Pooling states in the multinomial logit model". Journal of Econometrics. 47 (2): 267–272. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(91)90102-J. Van Praag, C. Mirjam; Cramer, Jan S. (2001). "The roots of entrepreneurship and labour demand: Individual ability and low risk aversion" (PDF). Economica. 68 (269): 45–62. doi:10.1111/1468-0335.00232. Cramer, J. S.; Hartog, J.; Jonker, N.; Van Praag, C. M. (2002). "Low risk aversion encourages the choice for entrepreneurship: an empirical test of a truism" (PDF). Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 48 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1016/S0167-2681(01)00222-0. S2CID 154481271.

References

External links In memoriam: Mars Cramer on uva.nl

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Mars Cramer

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Mars Cramer claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Mars Cramer before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Mars Cramer ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Mars Cramer

In research: Mars Cramer appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Mars Cramer in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Mars Cramer is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1928 births, 2014 deaths, Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Mars Cramer outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Mars Cramer in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Mars Cramer means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Mars Cramer out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Mars Cramer in simple terms?

Why does Mars Cramer matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Mars Cramer?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Mars Cramer.