chemistry

Martin Freund

Martin Freund is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Martin Freund rather than just read about it. In short: Martin Freund (August 13, 1863 in Neisse, Kingdom of Prussia – March 13, 1920 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German chemist and professor at the Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. Life Freund was born the son of a Jewish merchant.

Key takeaways

Martin Freund belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Martin Freund to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Martin Freund from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Martin Freund (August 13, 1863 in Neisse, Kingdom of Prussia – March 13, 1920 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German chemist and professor at the Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main.

Life Freund was born the son of a Jewish merchant. After graduating from the Realgymnasium at the Zwinger in Breslau, he started to study chemistry at the University of Breslau and the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1881. He received his doctorate in 1884. (contribution to the knowledge of malonic acid). During his studies he became a member of the Akademischer Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein zu Breslau in 1881. He was assistant to Hermann Wichelhaus and lecture assistant to August Wilhelm von Hofmann. In 1888 he habilitated in Berlin and in 1895 joined the Physikalischer Verein in Frankfurt am Main as a lecturer, where he headed its chemical laboratory. From 1905 he was a lecturer at the Akademie für Sozial- und Handelswissenschaften (Academy for Social and Commercial Sciences). In 1914 he became full professor of chemistry at the faculty of natural sciences of the newly founded University of Frankfurt and director of the chemical institute. Freund was a confidant of Fritz Haber, to whose wife he was related. At the chemical institute he maintained close ties with industry (e.g. the companies Cassella, Degussa, Hoechst, Metallgesellschaft).

Work Freund dealt with alkaloids and clarified the composition of, for example, narcotine and contributed to the clarification of the composition of codeine and morphine. In 1910, he found a method of synthesising polycarboxylic acids via a Friedel-Crafts reaction of malonic acid derivatives with aromatic Hydrocarbons. With Edmund Speyer, he first synthesised the opioid oxycodone, which was subsequently marketed as the analgesic Eukodal by Merck.

Miscellaneous The Letter acids (1-naphtylamine-3,5-disulfonic acid), a coupling component of dye chemistry, is incorrectly assigned to Martin Freund in the literature. However, the name goes back to a patent of Louis Freund (St. Ludwig, Upper Alsace) of 1883, it was transferred to BASF after registration.

Literature Entry in Winfried Pötsch, Annelore Fischer, Wolfgang Müller: Lexikon bedeutender Chemiker, Harri Deutsch 1989

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Martin Freund

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Martin Freund claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Martin Freund before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Martin Freund ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Martin Freund

In research: Martin Freund appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Martin Freund in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Martin Freund is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1863 births, 1920 deaths, Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Martin Freund outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Martin Freund in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Martin Freund means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Martin Freund out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Martin Freund in simple terms?

Martin Freund (August 13, 1863 in Neisse, Kingdom of Prussia – March 13, 1920 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German chemist and professor at the Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. Life Freund was born the son of a Jewish merchant.

Why does Martin Freund matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Martin Freund?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Martin Freund.