astronomy

Marylyn Addo

Marylyn Addo is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Marylyn Addo rather than just read about it. In short: Marylyn Martina Addo (German: [ˈmɛʁilɪn ˈa.doː] , born 1970) is a German infectiologist who is a professor and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) head of infectious disease at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. Addo has developed and tested vaccinations that protect people from Ebola virus disease and the MERS coronavirus EMC/2012.

Key takeaways

Marylyn Addo belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Marylyn Addo to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Marylyn Addo from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Marylyn Martina Addo (German: [ˈmɛʁilɪn ˈa.doː] , born 1970) is a German infectiologist who is a professor and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) head of infectious disease at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. Addo has developed and tested vaccinations that protect people from Ebola virus disease and the MERS coronavirus EMC/2012. She is currently developing a viral vector-based COVID-19 vaccine.

Early life and education Addo is the daughter of a Ghanaian father and a German mother, and she was born in Bonn. Her father is a physician. Addo studied medicine at the University of Bonn. She earned her diploma at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, during which she researched Candida albicans transmission between HIV-positive people. In 1999, she moved to Boston, where she specialised in infectious diseases at Harvard Medical School.

Research and career Whilst at Harvard University, Addo was made an assistant professor at the Ragon Institute, and served as associate director of the Harvard University Center for AIDS Research. Here she investigated the role of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) specific T cells as immune system regulators in patients with HIV-1. In 2013, Addo returned to Germany, where she was made a professor and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) head of infectious disease at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. Here she works on infectious diseases and tropical medicine. Her research group work on clinical management, epidemiology and the immunology of newly emerging infections. In 2014, Addo was involved with the development of the preparation RVSV-EBOV, an experimental recombinant live vaccination that can be used against Ebola virus disease. The vaccine is vector-based, where the DNA of a virus is introduced into human cells via a different virus. To be effective the vaccination must contain parts of the virus that human cells can generate antibodies against. As a result, vector-based vaccinations can result in robust immune responses. The RVSV-EBOV vaccination contained a modified Vesicular-Stomatitis-Virus, which contained a surface protein of Ebola virus. After making contact with the ebola glycoprotein, the vaccination produce antibodies, T cells and neurotransmitters. It was selected by the World Health Organization for accelerated testing. Of her time working on the Ebola virus, Addo has said "During such a disaster, the world comes together." Alongside the ebola vaccination, Addo worked on a recombinant live vaccination to tackle the Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS) vaccination. Her vaccination was supported by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. The MERS Virus vaccine was tested in camels, the animals which first spread MERS coronavirus EMC/2012, in 2016, and started clinical trials in humans from 2018. In 2020, Addo started developing a vector-based vaccination to protect people from the COVID-19 pandemic. Inside the coronavirus there is a spike protein that can penetrate human cells. Addo looks to combine the spike protein with the genetic information of another viral vector that can penetrates cells and can produce spike proteins. The immune system recognises that these proteins are foreign bodies, triggering an immune response and a spike in T cells that ultimately work against the coronavirus protein. The proposed vaccine makes use of the smallpox virus (modified vaccinia Ankara) as a vehicle for the COVID-19 vaccine. The vaccination will be developed by IDT Biologika.

Recognition Addo was nominated by the Social Democratic Party as delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2022.

Awards 1999 London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Ralph A. Neal Memorial Prize 2008: Edward H. Kass Award for Clinical Excellence, Massachusetts ID Society 2013: Honorary Professor, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 2019: Pettenkofer Prize

Selected publications Leslie, A. J.; Pfafferott, K. J.; Chetty, P.; Draenert, R.; Addo, M. M.; Feeney, M.; Tang, Y.; Holmes, E. C.; Allen, T.; Prado, J. G.; Altfeld, M. (2004). "HIV evolution: CTL escape mutation and reversion after transmission". Nature Medicine. 10 (3): 282–289. doi:10.1038/nm992. ISSN 1546-170X. PMID 14770175. S2CID 28756735. Kiepiela, Photini; Leslie, Alasdair J.; Honeyborne, Isobella; Ramduth, Danni; Thobakgale, Christina; Chetty, Senica; Rathnavalu, Prinisha; Moore, Corey; Pfafferott, Katja J.; Hilton, Louise; Zimbwa, Peter (2004-12-09). "Dominant influence of HLA-B in mediating the potential co-evolution of HIV and HLA". Nature. 432 (7018): 769–775. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..769K. doi:10.1038/nature03113. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15592417. S2CID 4327272. Altfeld, Marcus; Addo, Marylyn M.; Rosenberg, Eric S.; Hecht, Frederick M.; Lee, Paul K.; Vogel, Martin; Yu, Xu G.; Draenert, Rika; Johnston, Mary N.; Strick, Daryld; Allen, Todd M. (2003-12-05). "Influence of HLA-B57 on clinical presentation and viral control during acute HIV-1 infection". AIDS. 17 (18): 2581–2591. doi:10.1097/00002030-200312050-00005. ISSN 0269-9370. PMID 14685052. S2CID 2839546.

Personal life Addo is married and has two children.

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Marylyn Addo

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Marylyn Addo claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Marylyn Addo before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Marylyn Addo ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Marylyn Addo

In research: Marylyn Addo appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Marylyn Addo in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Marylyn Addo is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1970 births, Academic staff of the University of Hamburg, Alumni of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Marylyn Addo outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study Marylyn Addo in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Marylyn Addo means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Marylyn Addo out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Marylyn Addo in simple terms?

Why does Marylyn Addo matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Marylyn Addo?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Marylyn Addo.