astronomy

Maurice Friedman

Maurice Friedman is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Maurice Friedman rather than just read about it. In short: Maurice Harold Friedman (October 27, 1903 – March 8, 1991) was an American physician, gastroenterologist, and reproductive-physiology researcher. He is known for the development of the rabbit test, a pregnancy test developed in 1931 while he was teaching at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.

Key takeaways

Maurice Friedman belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Maurice Friedman to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Maurice Friedman from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Maurice Harold Friedman (October 27, 1903 – March 8, 1991) was an American physician, gastroenterologist, and reproductive-physiology researcher. He is known for the development of the rabbit test, a pregnancy test developed in 1931 while he was teaching at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.

Biography Friedman was born on October 27, 1903, in Gary, Indiana, United States. Aged 16, he entered the University of Chicago and was awarded a bachelor's degree and a doctorate, both in physiology and medicine. From 1928, he taught at the University of Pennsylvania in physiology. At the Perelman School of Medicine, he developed the rabbit test in 1931, a pregnancy test. Female rabbits were injected with a woman's urine and to proof a pregnancy, the rabbit was killed and its ovaries inspected for corpora lutea and corpora hemorrhagicum, with their presence confirming a pregnancy. When asked whether the test was reliable, Friedman answered:It's highly reliable. The only more reliable test is to wait nine months. Friedman moved to Washington in 1936 and joined the Georgetown University Hospital and held roles at the Georgetown University School of Medicine and the Washington Hospital Center. He gained employment at the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, where he continued with his research in reproductive physiology. He retired from medical work in 1959 and joined the Planned Parenthood, Children's House and the Social Hygiene Society, where he worked as a financial advisor. Friedman died of cancer after a long illness on March 8, 1991, at his home in Sarasota, Florida.

Selected publications Friedman, Maurice H.; Lapham, Maxwell E. (March 1931). "A Simple, Rapid Procedure for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Early Pregnancies". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 21 (3): 405–410. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)42174-5. ISSN 0002-9378. Wikidata Q115596844.

References

Further reading Cuyler, W. Kenneth (January 1937). "The Friedman Test: Technique and Interpretation". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 4 (1): 61–65. ISSN 0891-1150. Wikidata Q136758150.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Maurice Friedman

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Maurice Friedman claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Maurice Friedman before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Maurice Friedman ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Maurice Friedman

In research: Maurice Friedman appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Maurice Friedman in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Maurice Friedman is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1903 births, 1991 deaths, 20th-century American people, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Maurice Friedman outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Maurice Friedman in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Maurice Friedman means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Maurice Friedman out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Maurice Friedman in simple terms?

Why does Maurice Friedman matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Maurice Friedman?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Maurice Friedman.