chemistry

Vampirovibrionophyceae

Vampirovibrionophyceae is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Vampirovibrionophyceae rather than just read about it. In short: Vampirovibrionophyceae is a class of non-photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus is the only species of the class that has been grown in cell culture.

Key takeaways

Vampirovibrionophyceae belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Vampirovibrionophyceae to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Vampirovibrionophyceae from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Vampirovibrionophyceae is a class of non-photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus is the only species of the class that has been grown in cell culture. Candidatus species of melainabacteria have been discovered through DNA and RNA sequence analysis of samples from soil, the human gut, and various aquatic habitats such as groundwater. By analyzing genomes of melainabacteria, predictions are possible about their cell structure and metabolic abilities. The deduced structure of the bacterial cell is similar to cyanobacteria in being surrounded by two membranes. It differs from cyanobacteria in its predicted ability to move by flagella (like gram-negative flagella), though some members (e.g. "Candidatus Gastranaerophilales") appear to lack flagella. It is predicted that melainabacteria are not able to perform photosynthesis, but obtain energy by fermentation.

Treatments Melainabacteria has been treated as:

The phylum "Candidatus Melainabacteria" when its DNA was discovered in 2013. The class "Candidatus Melainabacteria" under Cyanobacteria in Soo et al. (2014). The phylum "Candidatus Melainobacteriota", the 2013 name corrected to match new bacteriological rules. The class Vampirovibriophyceae under Cyanobacteria in Strunecký and Mareš 2023, with the corrected spelling Vampirovibrionophyceae. The class Vampirovibrionia under Cyanobacteria in 2023. It was not realized until 2015 that this group actually includes one cultured bacterium. Names proposed prior to this point are written under the assumption that they describe an uncultured group and are Candidatus. Names proposed without Candidatus after this point use the cultured species in the description. Removal of the Candidatus prefix does not happen automatically; instead, an author must make a separate valid publication. Treating this group as a phylum would place it at the same taxonomic rank as Cyanobacteriota.

Phylogeny

Classification Class Vampirovibrionophyceae Strunecký and Mareš 2023 (ACD20) Order "Caenarcanales" corrig. Soo et al. 2014 ["Caenarcaniphilales" Soo et al. 2014] Family "Caenarcanaceae" Chuvochina et al. 2023 Genus "Ca. Caenarcanum" Soo et al. 2014 "Ca. C. bioreactoricola" Soo et al. 2014 Order "Obscuribacterales" Soo et al. 2014 Family "Obscuribacteraceae" Chuvochina et al. 2023 Genus "Ca. Obscuribacter" Soo et al. 2014 "Ca. O. phosphatis" Soo et al. 2014 Order Vampirovibrionales Chuvochina et al. 2024 Family Vampirovibrionaceae Chuvochina et al. 2024 Genus Vampirovibrio Gromov & Mamkayeva 1972 ex Gromov & Mamkaeva 1980 V. chlorellavorus Gromov & Mamkayeva 1972 ex Gromov & Mamkaeva 1980 Order "Gastranaerophilales" Soo et al. 2014 Family "Adamsellaceae" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 [CAJFVJ01] Genus "Ca. Adamsella" Glendinning et al. 2020 "Ca. A. avium" Glendinning et al. 2020 Family "Gastranaerophilaceae" Gilroy et al. 2021 Genus "Ca. Avigastranaerophilus" Gilroy et al. 2021 "Ca. A. faecigallinarum" Gilroy et al. 2021 Genus "Ca. Galligastranaerophilus" Gilroy et al. 2021 "Ca. G. faecipullorum" Gilroy et al. 2021 "Ca. G. gallistercoris" Gilroy et al. 2021 "Ca. G. intestinavium" Gilroy et al. 2021 "Ca. G. intestinigallinarum" Gilroy et al. 2021 Genus "Ca. Gastranaerophilus" Soo et al. 2014 "Ca. G. phascolarctosicola" Soo et al. 2014 "Ca. G. termiticola" Utami et al. 2018 Genus "Ca. Limenecus" Gilroy et al. 2021 "Ca. L. avicola" Gilroy et al. 2021 Genus "Ca. Scatenecus" Gilroy et al. 2021 "Ca. S. faecavius" Gilroy et al. 2021 Genus "Ca. Scatousia" Gilroy et al. 2021 "Ca. S. excrementigallinarum" Gilroy et al. 2021 "Ca. S. excrementipullorum" Gilroy et al. 2021 Genus "Ca. Spyradomonas" Gilroy et al. 2021 "Ca. S. excrementavium" Gilroy et al. 2021 Genus "Ca. Stercorousia" Gilroy et al. 2021 "Ca. S. faecigallinarum" Gilroy et al. 2021

Ecological niche Melainabacteria nucleic acids can be found in a range of environments, including soil, water, and animal habitats. They can often be found in the gut of humans and in the respiratory tract, oral environments, and skin surface, though rarely. Melainabacteria nucleic acids are often found in natural environments such as groundwater aquifers and lake sediment, soil, and the aphotic zone of aquatic environments such as lake sediment and aquifers. Cyanobacteria bloom in freshwater systems as a result of excess nutrients and high temperatures, resulting in a scum on the water surface that resembles spilled paint. Because melainabacteria is a type of cyanobacteria, it has raised concern because melainabacteria thrive in groundwater systems. The genomes of melainabacteria were found to be bigger when found in aquifer systems and algal cultivation ponds than when in the mammalian gut environment.

Origin The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) increased the abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere. Bacteria that existed before the GOE did not rely on oxygen, such as the billion-year-old cyanobacteria. Melainabacteria do not photosynthesize. Cyanobacteria produced atmospheric oxygen and supported the development of early plant cells.

Genome The genomes of melainabacteria organisms isolated from ground water indicate that the organism has the capacity to fix nitrogen. Melainabacteria are predicted to lack linked electron transport chains, but have multiple methods to generate a membrane potential which can then produce ATP via ATP synthase. They are thought to be able to use Fe hydrogenases for H2 production that can be consumed by other microorganisms. Melainabacteria from the human gut also are thought to synthesize several B and K vitamins, which suggests that these bacteria are beneficial to their host because they are consumed along with plant fibers.

Animal habitats Melainabacteria may play a role in digesting fiber in the human gut, and their nucleic acids are more commonly found in herbivorous mammals and those with plant-rich diets. Because plant diets require more fiber break-down, melainabacteria may aid in this digestive function. However, scientists do not know why these microbes are in the gut and how they got there. Ongoing studies such as, "The human gut and groundwater harbor non-photosynthetic bacteria belonging to a new candidate phylum sibling to Cyanobacteria," are funded by various organizations such as the National Institutes of Health, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, The Hartwell Foundation, the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the European Molecular Biology Organization and the Wellcome Trust.

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Vampirovibrionophyceae

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Vampirovibrionophyceae claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Vampirovibrionophyceae before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Vampirovibrionophyceae ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Vampirovibrionophyceae

In research: Vampirovibrionophyceae appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Vampirovibrionophyceae in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Vampirovibrionophyceae is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Bacteria classes, Environmental chemistry, Taxa described in 2013, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Vampirovibrionophyceae outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Vampirovibrionophyceae in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Vampirovibrionophyceae means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Vampirovibrionophyceae out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Vampirovibrionophyceae in simple terms?

Vampirovibrionophyceae is a class of non-photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus is the only species of the class that has been grown in cell culture.

Why does Vampirovibrionophyceae matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Vampirovibrionophyceae?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Vampirovibrionophyceae.