biology

Meloidogyne enterolobii

Meloidogyne enterolobii is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Meloidogyne enterolobii rather than just read about it. In short: Meloidogyne enterolobii was originally described from a population collected from the pacara earpod tree (Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong) in China in 1983. In 2001 it was reported for the first time in the continental USA in Florida.

Key takeaways

Meloidogyne enterolobii belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Meloidogyne enterolobii to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Meloidogyne enterolobii from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Meloidogyne enterolobii was originally described from a population collected from the pacara earpod tree (Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong) in China in 1983. In 2001 it was reported for the first time in the continental USA in Florida. M. enterolobii is now considered one of the most important root-knot nematode species because of its ability of reproducing on root-knot nematode-resistant (Mi-1 gene carrying genotypes) bell pepper and other economically important crops.

Morphology M. enterolobii, a sedentary endoparasite, has very similar morphology as other species of Meloidogyne. The perineal patterns, male stylet length values (smaller for M. enterolobii than M. incognita) and J2 tail length values (greater for M. enterolobii than M. incognita) of M. enterolobii isolates from Florida are useful morphological characters for the separation of M. enterolobii from M. incognita. Other methods such as enzyme analyses and DNA analysis also have been performed to identify M. enterolobii from other Meloidogyne species.

Reproduction M. enterolobii is an apomictic species of root-knot nematodes.

Distribution M. enterolobii is a tropical or subtropical species reported in Australia, Brazil, Venezuela, China, Cuba, France, Guatemala, Puerto Rico, Martinique, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, and West Africa (Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso).

Host It has a variety of hosts, such as eggplant (Solanum melongena), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), soybean (Glycine max), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus).

Management The most efficient control method is preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (Mbr). That can reduce the M. incognita reproduction by almost 100%. However, the soil fumigant methyl bromide has been phased out in 2005 because of its negative effects on the ozone layer. A 1995 economic study declared that banning methyl bromide without an alternative method of controlling nematodes would cost the nation's bell pepper industry $127 million in losses. Some Mbr alternatives have been tested, such as Metham sodium plus chloropicrin (Mna+Pic) and 1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D) plus Pic. Mna+Pic provided equal or better Meloidogyne control than methyl bromide plus pic, for sting nematode, they are equal to MBR plus pic. Other alternative such as Multiguard, which is a formulation of furfural, a compound derived from sugarcane waste, which has been reported to have both nematicidal and antifungal properties. Nematode-resistant bell pepper cultivar is another method to control nematode population. Two bell pepper cultivars, Carolina Wonder and Charleston Belle, have been widely planted in the United States. However, while these varieties offer resistance to M. incognita, they are susceptible to M. enterolobii. Crop rotation and the addition of soil amendments have demonstrated some positive results in reducing M. enterolobii populations. The root-knot resistant bell peppers are not suggested to be planted in the field all over the seasons because that will select more M. enterolobii, which will survive and become a big population. Meanwhile, less severe yield loss of susceptible bell peppers has been observed when growing them after resistant bell peppers.

References

External links Meloidogyne mayaguenesis pest information

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Meloidogyne enterolobii

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Meloidogyne enterolobii claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Meloidogyne enterolobii before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Meloidogyne enterolobii ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Meloidogyne enterolobii

In research: Meloidogyne enterolobii appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Meloidogyne enterolobii in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Meloidogyne enterolobii is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Agricultural pest nematodes, Endoparasites, Nematodes described in 1983, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Meloidogyne enterolobii outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Meloidogyne enterolobii in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Meloidogyne enterolobii means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Meloidogyne enterolobii out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Meloidogyne enterolobii in simple terms?

Why does Meloidogyne enterolobii matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Meloidogyne enterolobii?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Meloidogyne enterolobii.