engineering

Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism

Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism is a engineering topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism rather than just read about it. In short: The Memorial to Homosexuals persecuted under Nazism (German: Denkmal für die im Nationalsozialismus verfolgten Homosexuellen) in Berlin was opened on 27 May 2008. Design The memorial was designed by artists Michael Elmgreen and Ingar Dragset.

Key takeaways

Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism belongs to engineering; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The Memorial to Homosexuals persecuted under Nazism (German: Denkmal für die im Nationalsozialismus verfolgten Homosexuellen) in Berlin was opened on 27 May 2008.

Design The memorial was designed by artists Michael Elmgreen and Ingar Dragset. The cuboid is made of concrete. On the front side of the cuboid is a window, through which visitors can see a short film of two kissing men. The work is the third of its kind in Germany following Frankfurter Engel (1994) in Frankfurt and Kölner Rosa Winkel (1995) in Cologne. The memorial was discussed by all parties in the Bundestag, which granted permission in 2003. Near the memorial is a signboard, which is written in German and English. There visitors can read over persecutions during Nazism and under Paragraph 175, the law during the 1950s and 1960s that outlawed homosexuality. It was reformed in 1969, attenuated in 1973 and finally voided in 1994.

History Gay victims of Nazism were not officially recognised in the immediate aftermath of the Third Reich – Paragraph 175 remained part of the German penal code during the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1980s, these "forgotten victims" were finally discussed. In 1985, for instance, president Richard von Weizsäcker remembered homosexuals as a "victim group". The group Der homosexuellen NS-Opfer gedenken and the organization Lesben- und Schwulenverband began promoting a memorial in Berlin in 1993. On 12 December 2003, the Bundestag approved the erection of a memorial in Berlin at the boundary of Tiergarten (near the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe). Then the competition for artists started.

Politicians attending the 27 May 2008 dedication included Berlin's Mayor Klaus Wowereit, President of the Bundestag Wolfgang Thierse, German Culture Minister Bernd Neumann, Volker Beck and Renate Künast. Mayor Wowereit gave the opening speech for the memorial. Following its dedication, it was frequently vandalized that year.

Controversies After the competition for an artist, which Michael Elmgreen and Ingar Dragset won, a discussion was held regarding the video, specifically whether to include lesbians kissing. Lesbians victimized under Nazism have not been documented, though there are instances recorded of lesbian pubs in cities like Berlin which were lost. The feminist magazine EMMA protested that the memorial should also be for persecuted lesbian women. As result of the discussion, the video will be changed every two years and will also show kissing lesbians. In 2008, the Holocaust survivor and historian Israel Gutman questioned its location near the Jewish Holocaust Memorial, as he felt the scale of the persecution of homosexuals should not be compared with that of Jews.

Literature Rüdiger Lautmann. Nationalsozialistischer Terror gegen Homosexuelle. Verdrängt und ungesühnt: Paderborn: Schöningh. 2002. ISBN 3-506-74204-3 Susanne Buckley-Zistel & Annika Björkdahl. Memorials and Transitional Justice, in Olivera Simic (ed.): Understanding Transitional Justice. Routledge, 2017, pp. 249–268. Anika Oettler. Das Berliner Denkmal für die im Nationalsozialismus verfolgten Homosexuellen. Entstehung, Verortung, Wirkung. Transcript Verlag, 2017.

See also History of gay men in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust List of LGBT monuments and memorials Pink triangle

References

External links Memorial for homosexual people tracked under Nazism (in German) Gedenkort (in German) Rosa Winkel (in German) BBC: Berlin remembers persecuted homosexuals

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In engineering, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism

In research: Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism appears in engineering research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 2008 establishments in Germany, Buildings and structures completed in 2008, Culture in Berlin, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism in simple terms?

The Memorial to Homosexuals persecuted under Nazism (German: Denkmal für die im Nationalsozialismus verfolgten Homosexuellen) in Berlin was opened on 27 May 2008. Design The memorial was designed by artists Michael Elmgreen and Ingar Dragset.

Why does Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism matter?

Because it connects several engineering ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism.