biology

Menangle pararubulavirus

Menangle pararubulavirus is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Menangle pararubulavirus rather than just read about it. In short: Menangle pararubulavirus, also called Menangle virus, is a virus that infects pigs, humans and bats. History Menangle virus was first identified in 1997 after a piggery in Menangle near Sydney, NSW, Australia experienced a high number of stillbirths and deformities during farrowing.

Key takeaways

Menangle pararubulavirus belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Menangle pararubulavirus to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Menangle pararubulavirus from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Menangle pararubulavirus, also called Menangle virus, is a virus that infects pigs, humans and bats.

History Menangle virus was first identified in 1997 after a piggery in Menangle near Sydney, NSW, Australia experienced a high number of stillbirths and deformities during farrowing. Two workers at the piggery came down with an unexplained serious flu-like illness, but subsequently recovered. They later tested positive for Menangle virus antibodies. This outbreak was quickly controlled through disinfection and temporary depopulation of individual units in the pig farm.

Vector The source of the outbreak may have been a nearby population of fruit bats or flying foxes. Bats appear to be an asymptomatic host. Infection is thought to occur through serious contact with bodily fluids from infected animals (i.e. blood and possibly foetal matter). Menangle is related to the recently discovered Tioman virus which is also bat-borne. Menangle is one of three recently discovered zoonotic viruses in Australia that are carried by bats. The others are Hendra virus and Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV or bat rabies).

Virus appearance Like all paramyxoviruses, Menangle virus has an envelope, negative sense ssRNA, and pleomorphic (both spherical and elongated forms) proteins (HN and fusion) which protrude from the surface as spikes that help the virus get into cells. As an RNA virus, it must enter the cell to replicate.

Clinical signs and symptoms Swine: Reduced conception rates; reduced litter size; large number of stillborn fetuses (some with severe skeletal/craniofacial defects); virus found in the lungs, brain and heart of stillborn piglets; No signs of illnesses in pigs of any age after birth. Humans: Illness lasts for 10–14 days; fever; chills; rigors; drenching sweats; malaise; headache; red spotty rash. Bats: Asymptomatic

Post-mortem lesions Hydranencephaly: meaning the cerebral cortex has a large cavity where the cerebral hemispheres are missing and is instead filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Limbs are often rigid and hyperflexed. Uneven alignment of upper and lower teeth.

External links CSIRO Menangle Factsheet CSIRO slide showing Menangle virus in piglet brain Menangle (Paramyxo) virus infection in pigs – trial eradication (1999) Australian Pork Limited / University of Sydney Philbey AW, Kirkland PD, Ross AD, et al. (1998). "An apparently new virus (family Paramyxoviridae) infectious for pigs, humans, and fruit bats". Emerging Infect. Dis. 4 (2): 269–71. doi:10.3201/eid0402.980214. PMC 2640116. PMID 9621197. Chant K, Chan R, Smith M, Dwyer DE, Kirkland P (1998). "Probable human infection with a newly described virus in the family Paramyxoviridae. The NSW Expert Group". Emerging Infect. Dis. 4 (2): 273–5. doi:10.3201/eid0402.980215. PMC 2640130. PMID 9621198.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Menangle pararubulavirus

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Menangle pararubulavirus claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Menangle pararubulavirus before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Menangle pararubulavirus ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Menangle pararubulavirus

In research: Menangle pararubulavirus appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Menangle pararubulavirus in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Menangle pararubulavirus is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Diseases and disorders in Australia, Rubulaviruses, Viral diseases, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Menangle pararubulavirus outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study Menangle pararubulavirus in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Menangle pararubulavirus means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Menangle pararubulavirus out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Menangle pararubulavirus in simple terms?

Menangle pararubulavirus, also called Menangle virus, is a virus that infects pigs, humans and bats. History Menangle virus was first identified in 1997 after a piggery in Menangle near Sydney, NSW, Australia experienced a high number of stillbirths and deformities during farrowing.

Why does Menangle pararubulavirus matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Menangle pararubulavirus?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Menangle pararubulavirus.