Merge algorithms are a family of algorithms that take multiple sorted lists as input and produce a single list as output, containing all the elements of the inputs lists in sorted order. These algorithms are used as subroutines in various sorting algorithms, most famously merge sort.
Application
The merge algorithm plays a critical role in the merge sort algorithm, a comparison-based sorting algorithm. Conceptually, the merge sort algorithm consists of two steps:
Recursively divide the list into sublists of (roughly) equal length, until each sublist contains only one element, or in the case of iterative (bottom up) merge sort, consider a list of n elements as n sub-lists of size 1. A list containing a single element is, by definition, sorted. Repeatedly merge sublists to create a new sorted sublist until the single list contains all elements. The single list is the sorted list. The merge algorithm is used repeatedly in the merge sort algorithm. An example merge sort is given in the illustration. It starts with an unsorted array of 7 integers. The array is divided into 7 partitions; each partition contains 1 element and is sorted. The sorted partitions are then merged to produce larger, sorted, partitions, until 1 partition, the sorted array, is left.
Merging two lists Merging two sorted lists into one can be done in linear time and linear or constant space (depending on the data access model). The following pseudocode demonstrates an algorithm that merges input lists (either linked lists or arrays) A and B into a new list C. The function head yields the first element of a list; "dropping" an element means removing it from its list, typically by incrementing a pointer or index.
algorithm merge(A, B) is inputs A, B : list returns list
C := new empty list while A is not empty and B is not empty do if head(A) ≤ head(B) then append head(A) to C drop the head of A else append head(B) to C drop the head of B
// By now, either A or B is empty. It remains to empty the other input list. while A is not empty do append head(A) to C drop the head of A while B is not empty do append head(B) to C drop the head of B
return C
When the inputs are linked lists, this algorithm can be implemented to use only a constant amount of working space; the pointers in the lists' nodes can be reused for bookkeeping and for constructing the final merged list. In the merge sort algorithm, this subroutine is typically used to merge two sub-arrays A[lo..mid], A[mid+1..hi] of a single array A. This can be done by copying the sub-arrays into a temporary array, then applying the merge algorithm above. The allocation of a temporary array can be avoided, but at the expense of speed and programming ease. Various in-place merge algorithms have been devised, sometimes sacrificing the linear-time bound to produce an O(n log n) algorithm; see Merge sort § Variants for discussion.
K-way merging
k-way merging generalizes binary merging to an arbitrary number k of sorted input lists. Applications of k-way merging arise in various sorting algorithms, including patience sorting and an external sorting algorithm that divides its input into k = 1/M − 1 blocks that fit in memory, sorts these one by one, then merges these blocks. Several solutions to this problem exist. A naive solution is to do a loop over the k lists to pick off the minimum element each time, and repeat this loop until all lists are empty:
In the worst case, this algorithm performs (k−1)(n−k/2) element comparisons to perform its work if there are a total of n elements in the lists. It can be improved by storing the lists in a priority queue (min-heap) keyed by their first element:
Searching for the next smallest element to be output (find-min) and restoring heap order can now be done in O(log k) time (more specifically, 2⌊log k⌋ comparisons), and the full problem can be solved in O(n log k) time (approximately 2n⌊log k⌋ comparisons). A third algorithm for the problem is a divide and conquer solution that builds on the binary merge algorithm:
When the input lists to this algorithm are ordered by length, shortest first, it requires fewer than n⌈log k⌉ comparisons, i.e., less than half the number used by the heap-based algorithm; in practice, it may be about as fast or slow as the heap-based algorithm.
Parallel merge A parallel version of the binary merge algorithm can serve as a building block of a parallel merge sort. The following pseudocode demonstrates this algorithm in a parallel divide-and-conquer style (adapted from Cormen et al.). It operates on two sorted arrays A and B and writes the sorted output to array C. The notation A[i...j] denotes the part of A from index i through j, exclusive.
algorithm merge(A[i...j], B[k...ℓ], C[p...q]) is inputs A, B, C : array i, j, k, ℓ, p, q : indices
let m = j - i, n = ℓ - k
if m < n then swap A and B // ensure that A is the larger array: i, j still belong to A; k, ℓ to B swap m and n
if m ≤ 0 then return // base case, nothing to merge
let r = ⌊(i + j)/2⌋ let s = binary-search(A[r], B[k...ℓ]) let t = p + (r - i) + (s - k) C[t] = A[r]
in parallel do merge(A[i...r], B[k...s], C[p...t]) merge(A[r+1...j], B[s...ℓ], C[t+1...q])
… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.
