science

Meshimakobu

Meshimakobu is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Meshimakobu rather than just read about it. In short: Meshimakobu and sanghuang / sanghwang, also known as mesima (English) or black hoof mushroom (American English), is a mushroom in East Asia. Understanding of the concept Etymology and association with mulberry The Japanese name メシマコブ is composed of メシマ, an island of Gotō, Nagasaki, where this mushroom used to grow, and コブ, which means bump, referring to the mushroom's appearance.

Key takeaways

Meshimakobu belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Meshimakobu to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Meshimakobu from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Meshimakobu and sanghuang / sanghwang, also known as mesima (English) or black hoof mushroom (American English), is a mushroom in East Asia.

Understanding of the concept

Etymology and association with mulberry The Japanese name メシマコブ is composed of メシマ, an island of Gotō, Nagasaki, where this mushroom used to grow, and コブ, which means bump, referring to the mushroom's appearance. Per Wu et al. (2012) citing Ito (1955) and Imazeki and Hongo (1989), this is a mushroom that is always said to be on mulberry trees. The Chinese name 桑黃 / 桑黄 is composed of 桑 ("mulberry tree") and 黃 / 黄 ("yellow"). The Korean name 상황 is from Chinese.

Historical records The earliest attestation of the name 桑黃 is in Yaoxing Lun. Various Chinese historical records documented Xinzhou sanghuang (信州桑黃), in which Xinzhou is a place name in modern-day Jiangxi. It was depicted with hair-like objects, apparently describing Inonotus hispidus.

Folk understandings In Tonghua, Jilin, various mushrooms were seen as sanghuang by the locals, where it was used to treat cancer and stomach illnesses. The report described the mushrooms and attached photos, but didn't identify them by Latin names.

Associated taxa

Phellinus linteus It had been long thought that this mushroom is Phellinus linteus, which is a view whose earlier iteration, that this mushroom is Phellinus yucatanensis, can be traced back to Japanese academic literacies in early 20th century based on specimens identified as Fomes yucatanensis, later deemed a synonym of P. linteus. Polyporus linteus is a species named by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1860 with the specimen from Nicaragua. Shu Chün Teng in 1963 renamed it Phellinus linteus. Dai and Xu (1998) studied specimens from various East Asian regions, and found them morphologically different from American Phellinus linteus; the study concluded that Phellinus linteus is not found in East Asia. The study deemed Phellinus linteus exist in tropical America with specimens from there, and Africa with the type specimen of Xanthochrous rudis. Zhou et al. (2015) examined two African specimens that morphologically fit X. rudis, and their sequences formed a distinct clade from P. linteus. Hence, X. rudis regained standalone taxon status and was renamed Tropicoporus rudis. And Phellinus linteus, now Tropicoporus linteus, is a tropical American species. Phellinstatin is an enoyl-ACP reductase inhibitor isolated from the Phellinus linteus in East Asia.

Phellinus igniarius Liu (1974) treated Phellinus igniarius as sanghuang.

Sanghuangporus baumii Phellinus baumii was the name for this mushroom seen in Dai and Xu (1998). Phellinus baumii is known as Sanghuangporus baumii from 2015 on.

Sanghuangporus vaninii Xie et al. (2010) inspected sanghuang strains from various institutions with molecular methods, whose test results were analyzed by Wu et al. (2012) to contain Inonotus vaninii (formerly Phellinus vaninii). This mushroom is from 2015 known as Sanghuangporus vaninii.

Sanghuangporus sanghuang Inonotus sanghuang was seen as this mushroom in Wu et al. (2012). It only grows on mulberry trees. It was renamed Sanghuangporus sanghuang in 2015.

Inonotus hispidus Inonotus hispidus was seen as sanghuang in Bao et al. (2017). I. hispidus grows on various broad-leaf trees, including mulberry trees.

Folk medicine There is insufficient evidence from clinical studies to indicate its use as a prescription drug to treat cancer or any disease. In Asian folk medicine, the mushroom is prepared as a tea. Its processed mycelium may be sold as a dietary supplement in the form of capsules, pills or powder.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Meshimakobu

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Meshimakobu claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Meshimakobu before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Meshimakobu ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Meshimakobu

In research: Meshimakobu appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Meshimakobu in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Meshimakobu is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Fungi of Asia, Fungus common names, Medicinal fungi, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Meshimakobu outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Meshimakobu in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Meshimakobu means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Meshimakobu out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Meshimakobu in simple terms?

Meshimakobu and sanghuang / sanghwang, also known as mesima (English) or black hoof mushroom (American English), is a mushroom in East Asia. Understanding of the concept Etymology and association with mulberry The Japanese name メシマコブ is composed of メシマ, an island of Gotō, Nagasaki, where this mushr…

Why does Meshimakobu matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Meshimakobu?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Meshimakobu.