chemistry

Metallosphaera hakonensis

Metallosphaera hakonensis is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Metallosphaera hakonensis rather than just read about it. In short: Metallosphaera hakonensis is a gram-negative, thermoacidophilic archaea discovered in the hot springs of Hakone National Park, Kanagawa, Japan. History Metallosphaera hakonensis was isolated in 1996 by Takayanagi et al. from a hot spring in the Hakone National Park in Kanagawa, Japan.

Key takeaways

Metallosphaera hakonensis belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Metallosphaera hakonensis to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Metallosphaera hakonensis from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Metallosphaera hakonensis is a gram-negative, thermoacidophilic archaea discovered in the hot springs of Hakone National Park, Kanagawa, Japan.

History Metallosphaera hakonensis was isolated in 1996 by Takayanagi et al. from a hot spring in the Hakone National Park in Kanagawa, Japan. Originally classified as a member of the genus Sulfolobus, Kurosawa et al. determined through genetic testing that the organism belongs to the Metallosphaera genus in 2003. Takayanagi et al. determined a 92% similarity with Sulfolobus species; however, Kurosawa et al. determined a 98% similarity with Metallosphaera species. Using the more accurate high-performance liquid chromatography method, Kurosawa et al. also determined a new G+C content (43.29%) that is characteristic of Metallosphaera species.

Isolation Takayanagi et al. collected a water sample from a hot spring in the Hakone National Park in Kanagawa, Japan, with a pH 1.5 and a temperature of 91.5 °C. A 1:10 mL dilution of the sample and modified Allen's medium, a media known to sustain Sulfolobus species, was made and incubated at 70 °C for about one week. This sample was then used to form a 1:9 mL dilution with Allen's media, and a portion streaked onto 1.0% Geltrite plates containing Allen's media during exponential growth. After incubation at 70 °C, an isolated colony of M. hakonensis was used to inoculate fresh broth, incubated, and plated. This procedure was performed an additional time to isolate the archaea.

Growth and physiology M. hakonensis can grow in temperatures between 50 °C and 80 °C and between pH values 1.0 and 4.0. M. hakonensis's optimal growth conditions are 70 °C and pH 3.0. Some Metallosphaera species, such as M. prunae, are mobile by means of flagellum; however, M. hakonensis does not have a flagellum. M. hakonensis is gram-negative and has either spherical or irregular polyhedron-shaped cells (lobe-shaped cells), that are 0.9 to 1.1 μ {\displaystyle \mu } m in diameter.

Genomics and ecology M. hakonensis has genome that is about 2.3 Mbp long and has a G+C content of 43.29% determined through Ion Torrent Sequencing and assembled using the Newbler v. 2.8 software. M. hakonensis's genome contains 3,357 protein coding genes and 57 RNA genes determined using the Joint Genome Institute's gene calling methods and IMG's annotation pipeline Near neighbors include Metallosphaera prunae, M. sedula, and M. yellowstonensis. M. hakonensis has a 98% similarity in the 16S rRNA sequence to the other members of the genus Metallosphaera. Genome sequencing of M. hakonensis has revealed the presence of genes coding for enzyme Urease, with genes present for subunits A and B. Urease catalyzes the degradation of urea to ammonia and bicarbonate. Sequences also revealed the presence of genes for haloacetate dehalogenase. Haloacetate dehalogenase catalyzes the conversion of haloacetate to glycolate and the halide ion(e.g. fluoride). M. hakonensis also contains the gene for maleylacetate reductase, a key component in biological degradation of halogenated aromatic organic compounds. Organisms belonging to the genus Metallosphaera are found in extreme environments such as volcanic fields and hot waste material in mines.

Metabolism M. hakonensis is an obligate aerobic chemolithoautotroph that utilizes sulfur oxidation as its main source of energy. M. hakonensis is capable of utilizing yeast extract (excluding sugars), L-glutamic acid, L-tryptophan, maltose, and sulfur compounds such as elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide as energy sources, similar to other Metallosphaera species. M. hakonensis exhibits poor growth in media containing L-glutamic acid, L-tryptophan, and maltose. One unique feature of M. hakonensis is its ability to utilize FeS clusters and the sulfur anion, tetrathionate (O6S42-).

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Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Metallosphaera hakonensis

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Metallosphaera hakonensis claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Metallosphaera hakonensis before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Metallosphaera hakonensis ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Metallosphaera hakonensis

In research: Metallosphaera hakonensis appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Metallosphaera hakonensis in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Metallosphaera hakonensis is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Acidophiles, Thermophiles, Thermoproteota, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Metallosphaera hakonensis outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Metallosphaera hakonensis in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Metallosphaera hakonensis means in your own words.
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Frequently asked questions

What is Metallosphaera hakonensis in simple terms?

Metallosphaera hakonensis is a gram-negative, thermoacidophilic archaea discovered in the hot springs of Hakone National Park, Kanagawa, Japan. History Metallosphaera hakonensis was isolated in 1996 by Takayanagi et al. from a hot spring in the Hakone National Park in Kanagawa, Japan.

Why does Metallosphaera hakonensis matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Metallosphaera hakonensis?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Metallosphaera hakonensis.